Pre Post Marketing Analysis - 995 Words

Pre Post-Marketing Pharmacovigilance Reporting in the US: A Comparison of Adverse Event Reporting in Pre- and Post-Marketing Clinical Studies and Post-Marketing Spontaneous Reports When a drug is finally brought to the market, it usually has gone through three clinical trial phases in humans, including Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical studies. Some drugs may be required to conduct a Phase 4 or post-marketing study after its approval in order to gather additional information about a product’s safety, efficacy or optimal use. Adverse events can occur in any of the clinical study phases (pre- or post-marketing), or when it has been marketed to the public after the drug’s approval. A pharmaceutical company (sponsor) or its delegated Contract†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Quality Control: An alternate Drug Safety colleague performs quality control (QC) to verify the report for accuracy, clarity, consistency, and completeness of data entered in the safety database by comparing the source documents against the data entered into the safety database. †¢ Medical Review A Medical Reviewer (physician) assess cases for medical aspects, which includes verifying adverse event coding, causality assessment, confirming event seriousness and expectedness, reviewing narratives, providing comments and requests for follow-up with the reporter. †¢ Follow-up or Queries Queries are sent to the reporters for details of the adverse event and additional follow-up information which may add to the completed and clinical significance of the report. ïÆ'Ëœ Different Requirements for Adverse Event Reporting in Pre- and Post-Marketing Clinical Studies, and Post-Marketing Spontaneous cases: Although many steps of collecting adverse events reported in clinical studies and in the post-marketing setting are the same, there are some different requirements, which are summarized in the table below. Phase 1-3 Clinical Trials Post-Marketing Clinical Trials or Phase 4 Clinical Trials Post-Marketing Spontaneous Event Reporting (outside of a clinical trial) Database used to Enter Event Information †¢ Clinical Database †¢ Safety Database †¢ Clinical Database †¢ Safety Database †¢ Safety Database Only (collectedShow MoreRelatedDifferent Yardsticks1146 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent yardsticks for evaluating trial experience and post-purchase consumption experience? – A review of online chatter Purpose: This exploratory study is an attempt to understand whether consumers use different yardsticks to evaluate product trial experience and post-purchase consumption experience. Design/methodology/approach (mandatory): The researchers make use case methodology in the motion picture industry. The pre-release and post-release reception of two Indian feature films, Queen andRead MoreBroomstick1120 Words   |  5 Pageshighlights of interviews with at least five KOLs (key opinion leaders) or resource persons. III. Situation Analysis Industry Analysis Describes the needs of the business and the customers, major trends affecting the industry, significant and important companies, industry size (growing, declining, etc), and other relevant industry facts and insights SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis of the business environment can be performed by organizing the environmental factors as follows: The firm sRead MoreCase Study Report on Achieve Logic737 Words   |  3 Pagesby calculating the pre- and post money valuation, then the cash flow projections, and we finished by calculating, the expected return on equity and the final equity value. To facilitate the calculation of this value, our team made some assumptions that we will explain and justify all along that report. ANALYSIS A. 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The only issue with behavioural targeting is that it is solely a corollary for internal needs alone as it is not an important prediction of future behaviourRead MoreThe Impact Of Experiential Marketing On Attracting Consumers Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of experiential marketing in attracting consumers The Modern development of marketing theory is characterised as one of the main elements of the marketing mix. Many companies all around the world are trying to adapt to an advertising brand strategy that reacts that is based on human nature, namely, basic psychological needs, desires and, in particular, human behaviour. Not so long ago a new direction in the science of marketing appeared. Experiential marketing focuses on stimulating consumers’Read MoreProduct Recommendations For A Clinical Trials1587 Words   |  7 Pagesresidents are diaper users. ââ€"  Recommended UriCap prices result in a total cost of care that is essentially equal to that of catheters being used in nursing homes. ââ€"  Added benefit of increased patient comfort, which was not used in the economic values analysis but which customers stated they were willing to pay for, must be marketed before the product is taken to other service sites (hospitals). ââ€"  Recommended pricing for the UriCap-F, $121.60/mo, allows for a 100% markup both to distributors and fromRead MoreThe Case Of Lego : Change Of Strategy1171 Words   |  5 Pagesproducts that had given the company success, were forgotten. For that reason, the new strategy was based to revive those ‘core products’ and bring with them back the values that their founders set at the beginning (Breen 2013). (See Appendix 2) 2.2 MARKETING MIX -PRODUCT Lego has many diversified products, but the base of all of them are the plastic Bricks, which actually makes the company successful as the result of the possibility of rebuilt the structures many times. In addition, every brick hasRead MoreStrategic Elements of Product Development1620 Words   |  7 Pagesspinouts of the current business operation, latest products suggestions, modification in marketing plan, alteration of resource and the demand in the marketplace (Crawford Di Benedetto, 2011). In order to yield these opportunities, three main streams of activity are functioned as guidance to the company. The three main streams are ongoing marketing planning, ongoing corporate planning and special opportunity analysis. From these three activities, opportunities such as an underutilised resource, new resource

Opening Of An Online Indian Clothing Store Essay - 2975 Words

OPENING OF AN ONLINE INDIAN CLOTHING STORE ASSESSMENT 2 RESEARCH REPORT MAPM8.600 SPECIAL TOPIC KAY FIELDEN SUBMITTED BY- ARVINDER SINGH 2015001782 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 3 – 4 METHODOLOGY USED 4 – 21 LITERATURE REVIEW 21 – 23 CONCLUSION 23 – 24 REFERENCES 24 - 25 ABSTRACT PURPOSE The main purpose of Opening of an Online Indian Clothing store is that many Indian people are residing here temporary or permanently here in Auckland. So the business person can help the Indian people by providing them with the authentic clothes in the Indian style. The clothing covers all designs of clothes for all gender and age of people (above 10 years of age). The clothing style includes traditional clothing, formal, casual, and many more designs. METHODOLOGY Comprehend the general circumstance of important commercial ventures and get deals and showcasing measurements through talking specialists, makers and channels of this industry profoundly. Relevant financial measurements. Public data about the industry.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For Marks Spencer Clothing1546 Words   |  7 PagesChief Executive of Marks and Spencer From: Muhammad Azeem Khan , Student ID 2280119 Title: Marketing plan for Marks Spencer clothing Introduction: Marks Spencer was constituted in 1884, as vendor stall in the streets of Leeds. It is a public limited company, which listed on the London stock exchange. It is a major British Multinational retailer. It produces clothing, home products and food items. The market share of Marks Spencer is 10.4% in 2015 and over the years it has decreased becauseRead MoreBharti Walmart 5 Forces1281 Words   |  6 PagesQ1. Analyze the retail scenario in India in terms of Porter’s Five Forces and investigate the growth across different segments of retailing. Ans: Indian Retail Scenario in terms of Porter Five Forces Porter in 1974 has given â€Å"Five Forces† model to assess the industry environment. 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The current situation puts Sainsburys in the UKs third-largest supermarket chain, with a market share of around 16% .with 823 stores, unveiled profits of  £488m, up 28% on last years levels, with 15 consecutive quarters of sales growth, Given the current environment shows how the strength and broad appeal of the Sainsburys brand has improved substantially during the pastRead MoreZara Casestudy983 Words   |  4 PagesBIT HuangFei (Tracy) Zara: a Spanish retailer goes to the top of world fashion Answer1: The international expansion of Zara started with the opening of a store in Portugal in 1988. Through establishment in Portugal Zara acquired international market experience and knowledge and realized that it would have to adjust its business model to suit the new international markets. 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ByArushi Jaiswal 10050221022 Contents Indian Retail Sector Pune Retail Scenario Forever New Introduction Forever New in India STP Marketing Mix Forever New Pune Brand Portfolio Competitive Analysis SWOT Analysis Data Analysis and Interpretation Recommendations and Conclusion Growth Opportunities References and Bibliography Indian Retail Sector India is one of theRead MoreForever New Case Study4751 Words   |  20 Pagesprofile, positioning, assortment strategy, store layout, marketing strategy vis a vis closest competitors. Brand Chosen: Forever New. ByArushi Jaiswal 10050221022 Contents Indian Retail Sector Pune Retail Scenario Forever New Introduction Forever New in India STP Marketing Mix Forever New Pune Brand Portfolio Competitive Analysis SWOT Analysis Data Analysis and Interpretation Recommendations and Conclusion Growth Opportunities References and Bibliography Indian Retail Sector India is one of the mostRead MoreSituation Analysis of International Marketing Environment (Marks and Spencer in Spain)3529 Words   |  15 PagesFindings MS is an international company, which spreads through Europe, North America and Asia, it sales clothing, footwear, gifts, house appliances, and food. At Present Marks and Spencer has over 450 stores located throughout the UK, this includes the largest store at Marble Arch, London. (corporate.marksandspencer.com/?intid=gft_company, 2010) In addition, the Company has 150 stores worldwide, including over 130 franchise businesses, operating in 30 countries. (Ibid) On the background of

Zappos.Com †Developing a Supply Chain to Deliver Wow! Essay Sample free essay sample

Zappos. com provides extended online merchandises. delicate call-center service. free and rapid bringing. and at the same clip. it keeps optimising its operational theoretical account. However. with the drawn-out recession. the company’s borders are diminishing. and it now has to seek a solution to maximise its net income. External Analysis ( Please see Appendix 1. SWOT Table. pg5 ) Both U. S. and international markets remained unsaturated. in malice of Zappos’ rapid enlargement. It is still really assuring for on-line retailors to spread out its client base. Besides. the facts of customers’ progressively desire to entree a immense choice of merchandise offerings and customers’ turning amenitiess with on-line shopping make the Internet go a critical distribution channel. Consequently. more and more high-end trade names are eager to spouse with on-line retailors such as Zappos. But. with the prostration of the fiscal markets and economic lag. clients are more cost-conscious and have higher outlooks for the services—they are much more hard to be delighted. Meanwhile. in such a bad economic clip. labour-intensive activities might finally go unaffordable. As to the international market. concern enlargement faces a batch of challenges. such as high cost of operation and civilization struggles. Internal Analysis ( Please see Appendix 1. SWOT Table. pg5 ) Zappos’ merriment and customer-oriented civilization. together with its passionate employees and extended merchandise offerings online. brings the company a happy and loyal client base. even in Canada. Besides. as the company’s employees are consistently trained. their outstanding services could ever do the clients amazed. hence. the company has successfully built its trade name equity through positive word of oral cavity and its clients keep coming back ( 75 % repetition clients in 2008 ) . Furthermore. Zappos closely tracks client behaviour informations to derive client penetrations. therefore. it quickly grows to the world’s largest online places retail merchant. One of the challenges confronting Zappos is missing of capital. Limited budgets make its labour-intensive activities and high-standard bringing become more and more unaffordable. The growing rate is besides bit by bit decelerating. Besides. harmonizing to the Income Statement. Zappos has the lowest operating income per centum ( 3. 4 % ) . compared with other on-line rivals. This indicates that company’s operational theoretical account remains inefficient. including both inbound and outbound cargo cargos. for illustration. cargos from single providers ensuing in larger-than-necessary figure of trucks. every bit good as the economic inefficiency of transporting partly full trucks. In add-on. its client base is merely 3 % of the US population. Options 1. Expand Zappos’ concern in foreign states such as Canada to turn gross revenues. * Advantages:* Already has a passionate client base in Canada. which is possible for Zappos to retroflex its service theoretical account and addition more gross revenues. * Business enlargement could assist work out the extra stock list. as the figure of clients is turning. * Disadvantages: * It would necessitate clip and budget negotiating Canadian distribution understandings with many trade names in order to accomplish significant volume. * Customer service would go more complicated. Fail to pull off different cultural issues would thin Zappos’ trade name equity. 2. Cut service cost such as stop following twenty-four hours air cargo to maximise net income. * Advantages: * Savingss could be tremendous. if the company decided to endorse off from the guaranteed next-day bringing for all orders. Equally long as it remains free return service. the company would non lose its cost-conscious. * Zappos’ labour-intensive services are more and more unaffordable. due to its capital insufficient. Cut the service work force could salvage a batch. * Disadvantages: * Inconsistent services might ensue in negative word of oral cavity and diluted trade name image. * Would be far less competitory than the brick-and-mortar shop. as Zappos fails to convey clients the instant satisfaction. 3. Better the inefficient supply concatenation to salvage cost. andregistering for IPO every bit good. * Advantages: * Streamlined supply concatenation could assist cut down unneeded costs. * IPO could be an effectual manner to bring forth the capital to fund the company’s hereafter development. clairvoyance. keep high quality of service. * Disadvantages: * Streamlined supply concatenation require a batch of clip and attempts negociating with channel members. * The cost of following with regulative demands can be really high for little companies to register an IPO. Recommendation I think Zappos should better its supply concatenation to salvage unneeded costs and so file for IPO to bring forth the capital needed to spread out. The first option is appealing. but it requires even more workforce and budget to research the foreign country’s market and construct its ain distribution centre and name centre to supply great service. Given a immense untapped client base in domestic market. it is unnecessarily for Zappos to spread out its current concern into international market. The 2nd option could salvage important sum of money. but it might ache the company’s trade name equity. As clients are besides become more and more demanding. discounted service would likely do Zappos lose its nucleus competences. and finally its clients. The 3rd pick is applicable. I think. for it could broaden the beginnings of income and conserve on outgos. assisting Zappos remain competitory while maximise its net income. To streamline its supply concatenation. Zappos could c ollaborate with channel spouses to construct a quickly updated online system. through which all of its supply web members. could portion the order and stock list information. Since Zappos is the largest on-line retail merchant and more high-end trade names are eager to spouse with the company. it could bear down for members fall ining. and constructing the online system together. Through the system. even the makers in China could transport the merchandises to Zappos distribution centre or straight to the client who placed the order. As for traveling public. the fiscal benefit in the signifier of raising capital is the most distinguishable advantage. since Zappos has ever been intensely witting of financess. Another advantage is an increased public consciousness. because IPOs frequently generate promotion by doing their merchandises known to a new group of possible clients. Of class. file for IPO is non without hazard. The direction squad should be cognizant of profit-oriented venture capitalists. and it should non make any questionable patterns to hike net incomes. In malice of high cost of registering IPO. it is still an effectual manner for little compa nies’ farther growing. Decision Zappos’ success origins from its proficiency in experiential selling: employees’ enthusiasms and customers’ strong emotional connexions. The company should neer salvage its cost at the disbursal of service. In such a cost-conscious environment. the company must seek for efficient supply concatenation to lower cost and insist on happening new ways to function more demanding clients. and finally take to the maximized net incomes. Appendix 1. SWOT Table Strengths * Strong civilization and values * Engaged and passionate employees * Exceptional service and extended merchandise offerings * A happy and loyal client base * High keeping rate * The largest online places retailer * Rapid growing * Understand client behaviour * Having 1000s of purchasers measuring the inventory| Weaknesses * Lack of capital * Low runing income per centum * Inefficient inbound and outbound cargo * Labor-intensive * High cost of bringing * Gradually slow growing rate * Relatively little client base | Opportunities * Unsaturation in both domestic and international markets for the on-line retail merchants * Customers eager to entree a immense choice of manners. colourss and sizes * Consumers become comfy purchasing online * Internet could make big subdivisions of the population and supply elaborate information immensely * High-end trade names are eager to spouse with on-line retail merchants in perpendicular sites| Threats * Collapse of the fiscal markets and e conomic lag * Customers are more cost-conscious * Customers’ progressively high outlooks to serve * Labors become more unaffordable * High cost of spread outing concern out of the US market * Culture conflicts occur during enlargement in foreign markets * Brick-and-mortar store’s blink of an eye satisfaction

Healthcare theory of Kohlberg-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Evaluate the Influence of Kohlbeg's Theory of Moral Development. Answer: The essay aims to evaluate the influence of Kohlbergs theory of moral development in healthcare practice. Relationship between an occupation and relevant ethical reasoning has been a subject of extensive study in recent times, a more so in the field of healthcare as nurses and doctors frequently face moral and ethical problems in their profession. Following the framework of Piagets model of cognitive thinking Kohlberg devised a theory of moral development having three high-order levels, each subdivided into two stages. The three high-order stages comprised of Pre-conventional level, Conventional level and Post-conventional level or principled level, each represents fundamental shift in an individual perception of morality (Gibbs, 2013). His theory concluded that a persons modal development largely interacted with social situations and conventions. A person tends to change their perception of morality when faced with challenging situation or situations that strongly oppose their already existing moral beliefs. He postulated that movement through the levels of moral reasoning were universal and strictly sequential. The pre-conventional stage reflects an egocentric perspective. In the next level the moral perspective shift from self to ideas accepted by a group or community and lastly the post conventional level includes thinking beyond both self and society. The healthcare professionals mostly operate in levels IV and V which are social order-maintaining stage and social-contract orientation respectively (Prescott, Becket Wilson, 2014). In health care studies have found moral differences based on gender as well as type of profession. Such as doctors are found to be more inclined towards justice perspective while nurses towards care perspective. These differences are often attributed to factors such as gender and established standards. It is evident that healthcare professionals belong to particular stages of Kohlbergs theory of moral development. Any deviation from the accepted standards may reflect lack of effective care which is highly undesirable, particularly in this field of profession. References Gibbs, J. C. (2013).Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. Oxford University Press. Prescott, J., Becket, G., Wilson, S. E. (2014). Moral development of first-year pharmacy students in the United Kingdom.American journal of pharmaceutical education,78(2), 36.

Bzyt Archtecture Essay Research Paper The greatest free essay sample

Bzyt Archtecture Essay, Research Paper The greatest of mediaeval civilisations was the Eastern Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was divided in 395. The Western half, ruled from Rome, was ruled by the savages in the fifth century. The Eastern half, known as the Byzantine Empire, lasted for more than over 1,000 old ages. The Byzantine Empire was one of the taking civilisations in the universe. Byzantine Architecture Is a assorted manner composed of Graeco-Roman and Oriental elements which, The signifier of the church used most in the West, a the long rectangular portion of the cathedral with the alter in it is supported on columns and an atrium appears in many illustrations of the 5th century in Byzantine. In the West this manner of constructing on occasion nowadayss similarities which are thought by some governments to be of Oriental origin # 8212 ; galleries over the side aisles, spirally channelled columns, and customss between capitals and arches. We will write a custom essay sample on Bzyt Archtecture Essay Research Paper The greatest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vaulted basilicas were made at a early day of the month in Constantinople. The domical manner, with barrel-vaulted side aisles and transepts is a favorite with the Byzantines. Many of the oldest basilicas in Asia Minor, every bit good as the Church of St. Irene, Constantinople, carried one or more domes. This type leads to the construction in a centralised handbill, octangular, or cross molded program. In ancient Roman times tombs and baths had this kind of program. These types of edifices can non be seen as merely Byzantium, because the Romans and Oriental besides used these sorts of programs. Even in Italy, the churches there were strongly influenced bu the many influences from the West and peculiarly from the Byzantine. In the church of St. Sophia, built by Justinian, all the chief signifiers of the early Christian churches are represented. A rotunda is enclosed in a square, and covered with a dome which is supported in the way of the long axis of the edifice by half-domes over semicircular rounded terminals of the edifice. In this mode a basilica, 236 pess long and 98 pess broad, and provided with domes, is developed out of a cardinal chamber. Then the domical church is developed to the signifier of a long rectangle by two side aisles, which are denied of their significance by the monolithic wharfs. In forepart of all this, on the entryway side, are placed a broad atrium with transitions and two anterooms. The colossal chief dome, which is hemispherical on the inside, flatter, or saucer-shaped, on the outside, and pierced with 40 big Windowss. The ancient system of columns has merely a lease giver significance, back uping the galleries which open upon the long rectangular portion of the chuch that has the alter in it. Light flows in through the legion Windowss of the upper and lower narratives and of the domes. The dome, with its great span carried on wharfs, arches, and pendentives, constitutes one of the greatest accomplishments of architecture. ( The pendentives are the triangular surface of which a round dome can be supported on the crests of four arches arranged on a square program. ) . The designers of St. Sophia were Asians: Anthemius of Tralles and Isodorus of Miletus. In other great basilicas, local influences had great power in finding the character of the architecture, e. g. the churches of the Nativity, of the Holy Sepulchre, and of the Ascension, built in Palestine after the clip of Constantine. This is still more obvious in the dearly-won ornaments of these churches. Their love of luster is shown in the stacking up of domes and still more in confronting the walls with slabs of marble, in mosaics, in gold and coloring material ornaments, and in the many-coloured marbles of the columns and other architectural inside informations. Nothing seems to uncover the character of Byzantine architecture so much as the absence of work in the higher signifiers of sculpture, and the alteration of high into low ornament by agencies of interlacing traceries, in which the qi selled decorations became flatter, more additive, and lacelike. Besides the anterooms which originally surrounded St. Sophia, the columns with their capitals recall the old-timer. These columns about constantly supported arches alternatively of the architrave and were, for that ground, reinforced by a block of rock placed on top and shaped to conform to the arch. Gradually, nevertheless, the capital itself was cut to the broader signifier of a abbreviated square pyramid, as in St. Sophia. The capitals are at times rather bare, when they serve at the same clip as customss or intermediate supporting blocks, at other times they are marked with monograms or covered with a web of carving, the latter transforming them into basketlike capitals. Flat ornamentations of flowers and animate beings are besides found. The fortress like character of the church edifices, the crisp look of the constructive signifiers, the chunky visual aspect of the domes, the basic grouping of many parts, these are all more in conformity with the coarser work of the ulterior period of the Byzantine. Two other types of Justinian’s clip are presented by the renovated church of the Apostles and the church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus. Both churches are in the capital. It is a dome-crowned octagon with an exterior aisle. The former church was built on the program of a Grecian Cross with four equal weaponries with a dome over the crossing and one over each arm. During the period of the Macedonian emperors, Basil I and Leo VI, an upward tendency in political relations, literature, and art set in. The Grecian basilica, which is a elongated construction, barrel-vaulted and provided with one or more domes, is besides widely represented in this period, while the western signifier of basilica, with the wooden ceiling wasn # 8217 ; Ts used any longer. A type looking more often is the domical church program or the Greek-cross program. The Koimesis, or Dormitio, in Nicaea has a clear basilica program. The same with the church of the Holy Mother of God at Constantinople, dating from the 10th century, and of the churches of Mt. Athos. The church at Skripu in Boeotia, of the same period, has three naves each stoping in an apsis, but the dome crowns the center of the edifice as in the Greek- cross type. The outsides of these churches, which are normally instead little, are treated with greater attention and are artistically decorated with alternations of rock and brick, smaller domes over the anterooms, a richer system of domes, and the lift of these domes by agencies of membranophones. The insides are decorated really nicely. It seems that they could non make plenty in this regard. This can still be seen in the church of St. Luke in Phocis, at Daphni, in the Nea Moni at Chio, and others. In this period the perfected art of the capital becomes the theoretical account for the imperium every bit good as for parts beyond its boundary lines: Syria, Armenia, Russia, Venice, Middle and Southern Italy, and Sicily. For the West, it is merely necessary to advert the church of St. Mark at Venice. After its business by the Reformers in 1204, Constantinople partially lost its character and at the same clip the far-reaching influence of its communicating with Western states. There still remained four Centres of Byzantine art: the capital itself, Mt. Athos, Hellas, and Trebizond. The architecture of Mt. Athos presents the most faithful contemplation of the Byzantine manner. The theoretical account of the church of the monastery of Laura, belonging to the old period, is more or less dependably reproduced. A dome, supported on four sides by barrel vaults, stands straight over the center of the transept, which is terminated at either terminal by a unit of ammunition apsis. The existent architectural decorations are forced into the background by the dearly-won mosaics and which practically cover all available wall surface. The architecture of this period remained still. Bibliography the short history of the Byzantium Empire 1986 measure blackman

Definition of Suffrage, as in Womens Suffrage

Definition of Suffrage, as in Women's Suffrage Definition of suffrage Suffrage is used today to mean the right to vote in elections, sometimes also including the right to run for and hold elected public office.   It is commonly used in phrases like woman suffrage or womens suffrage or universal suffrage. Derivation and History The word suffrage comes from the Latin suffragium meaning to support. It already had the connotation of voting in classical Latin, and may have been used as well for a special tablet on which one recorded a vote. It likely came into English through French. In Middle English, the word took on ecclesiastical meanings, as well, of intercessory prayers. In the 14th and 15th centuries in English, it was also used to mean support. By the 16th and 17th centuries, suffrage was in common use in English to mean a vote in favor of a proposal (as in a representative body like Parliament) or of a person in an election. The meaning then broadened to apply to a vote for or against candidates and proposals. Then the meaning broadened to mean the ability to vote by individuals or groups. In Blackstones commentary on English laws (1765), he includes a reference:  In all democracies .. it is of the utmost importance to regulate by whom, and in what manner, the suffrages are to be given. The Enlightenment, with emphasis on equality of all persons and consent of the governed, paved the way for the idea that the suffrage, or ability to vote, should be extended beyond a small elite group. Wider, or even universal suffrage, became a popular demand. No taxation without representation called for those who were taxed to also be able to vote for their representatives in government. Universal male suffrage was a call in political circles in Europe and America by the first half of the 19th century, and then some (see Seneca Falls Womans Rights Convention) began to extend that demand to women as well as woman suffrage became a key social reform issue through 1920. Active suffrage  refers to the right to vote.   The phrase passive suffrage is used to refer to the right to run for and hold public office.   Women were, in a few cases, elected to public office (or appointed) before they won the right to active suffrage. Suffragist was used to denote someone working to extend suffrage to new groups.   Suffragette was sometimes used for women working for woman suffrage. Pronunciation: SUF-rij (short u) Also Known As: vote, franchise Alternate Spellings: souffrage, sofrage in Middle English; sufferage, suffrage Examples: Should the females of New York be placed on a level of equality with males before the law? If so, let us petition for this impartial justice for women. In order to insure this equal justice should the females of New York, like the males, have a voice in appointing the law makers and the law administrators? If so, let us petition for Womans Right to Suffrage. - Frederick Douglass, 1853 Similar Terms The word franchise or the phrase political franchise is also often used for the right to vote and the right to run for office. Denied Suffrage Rights Citizenship and residency are usually considered in deciding who has the right to vote in a country or state.   Ã‚  Age qualifications are justified by the argument that minors may not sign contracts. In the past, those without property were often ineligible to vote. Since married women could not sign contracts or dispose of their own property, it was considered appropriate to deny women the vote.   Some countries and U.S. states exclude from suffrage those who have been convicted of a felony, with various conditions. Sometimes the right is restored upon completion of prison terms or parole conditions, and sometimes restoration depends on the crime not being a violent crime. Race has been directly or indirectly a grounds for exclusion from voting rights. (Though women got the vote in the United States in 1920, many African-American women were still excluded from voting because of laws that discriminated racially.) Literacy tests and poll taxes have also been used to exclude from suffrage. Religion in both the United States and Great Britain sometimes was grounds for exclusion from voting. Catholics, sometimes Jews or Quakers, were excluded from suffrage. Quotes About Suffrage â€Å"[T]here never will be complete equality until women themselves help to make laws and elect lawmakers.† - Susan B. Anthony â€Å"Why is a woman to be treated differently? Woman suffrage will succeed, despite this miserable guerilla opposition.† - Victoria Woodhull Be militant in your own way! Those of you who can break windows, break them. Those of you who can still further attack the secret idol of property...do so. And my last word is to the Government: I incite this meeting to rebellion. Take me if you dare! - Emmeline Pankhurst

Discussion Board 2-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Board 2-1 - Essay Example Ethically, researches involving human beings as samples must obtain informed consent of the participants to be subject to tests and measures (Bordens & Abbott, 2014). Researchers must only proceed with studies after obtaining the consent. To deal with the dilemma relating to difficulty of obtaining informed consent, a researcher can contact and persuade close relatives such as parents or guardians of the subject to give and sign consent. Another ethical dilemma that researchers may face when working with clinical population is the aspect of deception. According to Bordens and Abbott (2014), deception refers to giving false information to the participants in a research. Deception may also entail withholding of critical information from the participants so that they may make competent decisions. Some clinical research may force researchers to withhold certain information to perform research in a manner that addresses predefined goals. To tackle the issues of deception, a researcher should eliminate questions or elements that are controversial and likely to necessitate withholding of information or lying to achieve the desired

Predictive Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Predictive Policing - Essay Example By making use of information technology through implementation of COMPSTAT, police departments are able to cut costs in their daily operations. In the past, police officers often used to make random patrols which would cost more to the departments since they had no prior knowledge of possible crime zones. Information technology has, therefore, made it possible to cut down costs by mapping out crime zones where police officers would make their patrols from (McDonald, 2002). It has been reported by police departments such as the New York City Police Department that information technology such as COMPSTAT has significantly improved performance of the organization through accountability at different departments in the organization. Each department is assigned with particular task and with the help of information technology; weak links or poor performance can easily be detected within the organization. Quick identification of crime coupled with prompt and creative solutions has enabled many police departments to perform better in recent years. Information technology has enable police officer to respond swiftly to crime through monitoring and evaluation of crime statistics of a given neighborhood or region. Creative solutions such as early detection or preventive measure have significantly improved their performance. Despite these numerous gains brought by the use of information technology, there are other setbacks that come along with it. Random patrols for instance, would be effective in situations where new crime zones develop. The use COMPSTAT places emphasis on known crime zones, leaving out other parts unpatrolled. In such an event, COMPSTAT would perform very poorly in determining patrol routes. Unless new data is introduced into the system, patrols by police based on COMPSTAT would be definite hence predictable. This means that criminals can easily predict patrol routes of police officers due to the predetermined route of patrol. In such

Causes of Salem wWtch Trials Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes of Salem wWtch Trials - Research Paper Example There was an influx of refugees in Salem village because of war outbreak in 1689, between the English rulers (William and Mary) and France. This made life too hard in this village, as people struggled with the available scarce resources for survival (Blumberg, 2007). In addition to this, the villagers faced diseases, harsh winters and crop failure. The Puritans believed that good fortunes always came from God and were a blessing to them, while bad fortunes were associated with the devil’s work. These people believed that witches were people who had deals with the devil and received powers from the devil in return, for doing evil. According to Puritans, a convicted witch was sentenced to death because it was believed that they could destroy communities and corrupt good Christian people. Although the Puritans had over the years believed in witches, everything changed in 1692, when witch hunt widely spread for the first time. The village of Salem was the centre for accusation. Th is was after two girls, Betty Parris who was 9 years old, the daughter of Reverend Samuel Parris (the first ordained minister in the village), and his niece, Abigail Williams 11 years old accused three women of casting spells on them. Two of the women were Puritan women and the other one was a slave woman. The two girls suffered from a strange sickness, acted oddly, had incomprehensible speech and their bodies were twisted from their original positions into uncomfortable ones. When the girls were diagnosed, there was no reasonable diagnosis found. The doctors tried to search in their medical books but it was unsuccessful. This worried the villagers and made them search desperately for an explanation. It was then that it was concluded that the girls were under the spell of witchcraft by their fellow community members (Yolen and Stemple, 2004). The three women were arrested on February 29 and more than 150 other â€Å"witches† were also arrested and put on trial. By late Septem ber 1692, some had already been put to death and more others died while in jail. During this period, people fasted and prayed for the girls for God’s intervention but it did not succeed. However, although witchcraft began in Salem village making it very famous in rounding up accused witches, the fear of witchcraft increased over the following year. This made the life there more difficult with neighbours rising against their fellow neighbours as others tried to prove the innocence of their dear ones, the accusers worried of what would befall them while the leaders struggled to understand the happenings (Doeden, 2011). In early 1970s, psychologist Linnda Caporael, now a behavioural psychologist at New York's Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, began to investigate the Salem Witch trials while still a college student with no idea that a common grain fungus could have been the cause of the 1962 events. In 1976, he came up with a theory, which believed that a certain type of food po isoning called convulsive ergotism might have been responsible for the girls’ condition. Convulsive ergotism occurs when a person consumes rye crop- wheat containing a mould called Ergot, which was used to make bread. This causes hallucinations, vomiting, crawling sensations on the skin among many other symptoms similar to those reported in Salem witchcraft trials. It was also discovered that, ergot thrives in damp, rainy springs,

Issues in Protecting Rights and Copyrights

Issues in Protecting Rights and Copyrights Each society throughout history has, and will be introduced to new ideas, inventions, and movements that benefit their communities. Yet, with those inventions will come ways for people to exploit them, and use them to gain an advantage. Recently, with the dawn of the Information Age of the early 2000s, the fairly-new Internet has connected the world in ways previously incomprehensible. With the Internet, people can send digital goods such as music, movies, and games to each other without any physical meeting or materialization. While beneficial to the economy and markets, those who sell online also risk digital pirates making copies of their goods, and distributing them for free to the world, or even reselling them. Piracy has become a growing issue in the new age, and governments across the world are beginning to take action against it. Even though government intervention would control piracy much better, and could possibly be done not to interfere with innocent customers, it could lead to invasions of privacy as people will always find ways to download copyrighted files undetected, and trying to stop infringements will only hurt internet providers and customers, who have the right to privacy, shown in the Fourth Amendment (Bridegam 11)Government intervention is certainly possible, and has been done in correlation with the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. An anti-piracy firm named CEGTEK pushed for the Notice-and-Notice Law to be passed, which allows copyright companies to send letters to users, recognizing that someone on the infringed network has downloaded copyrighted software. It also tells that if the user ignores the infringement, legal action may be taken. While it does not actually search and seize files on users computers, forcing deletion, it recognizes copyrighted software being transferred to the network, and takes nonlegal action which may eventually be brought to court, however. After the Law was passed, piracy rates dropped up to 61% one ye ar (Brownell 1), due to the letters being sent with notices of infringement. It had an impact on slowing down the growth of piracy, but governments have to find other ways to end digital crime. Piracy is still fairly new to the big picture, and old laws need to be modernized in order to stop it. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unwarranted and unreasonable search and seizure without a probable cause. While the Amendment protects personal property, including computers, an officer can still access the content and files stored on the machine. David Cole at Georgetown University says When I send an email, Ive shared it with the Internet provider. (Zwerdling 1) All communications with servers and websites are stored somewhere on the sites history, leaving a digital footprint behind. Law enforcement can access these records as they can be made available upon calling, because if a warrant is denied to search a users computer, another one can be requested to search the server or service provider involved in the alleged crime to find out if copyright infringement did occur. The Amendment has not aged well, and with the Information Age accelerating, th e old laws need to be updated in order to keep up with new technology. The Fourth Amendment tells little about digital search and seizure, yet it still is unconstitutional for unreasonable search of property.Internet service providers (ISPs) monitor everything a user does, downloads, and uploads on the internet, and while it may differ from each company, most keep records for all types of purposes, include hardware and software maintenance, as well as to catch pirates. These companies assign IP addresses to every computer in order to connect the PC to websites and servers, but the address can also be used to trace a user across the network. This is how pirates can be quickly caught. Some ISPs work with anti-piracy and copyright protection companies, such as Tecksavvy Solutions in Canada, work to catch infringements and stop it on their networks. The collaboration between the companies comes down to the anti-piracy firms monitoring P2P (peer-to-peer) connections scanning for copyrigh ted content. If a file is found to be copyrighted, the IP address is logged and forwarded to the ISP of the user. While it may seem like a simple job, the ISP does not legally have to disclose the name and location of the alleged pirate. (Robinson 1) Obviously, the ISP could if they wish to, but most companies see so many infringements that taking actual legal action towards the cases would cause more problems than needed. The amount of legal fees, time spent, and reputation on the line is simply too much for most companies to risk. Ways to stop piracy have doubled over the years, and each year introduces more invasive methods of cracking down. (Katyal 1) Years of lobbying and debates have introduced many new acts and bills passed in order to prevent and cease piracy. However, they have been passed in ways so as not to affect the openness and opportunity of the internet, yet still be able to enforce their rules. The Stop Online Piracy (SOPA) and Protect IP Acts are in the process of being debated by Congress, and opposed by pirates. SOPA intends to defund and cut off access to rogue sites that promote piracy but are established internationally, most notably The Pirate Bay, in Sweden. The two acts rival each other in debate, but have the same end goal to end foreign piracy in the United States. The bills have not been passed, but have the support of the RIAA, MPAA, and NMPA, all music and media production companies. (ABC-CLIO 1) Arguments followed the consideration of the bills, with the defense that they would not enforce anything, and would only hurt the internets freedom. Cutting off access to websites is a prohibition of the openness of the internet, as it is not truly free with these restrictions. The United States is surprisingly not one of the countries with the most piracy, but the ones that too have taken action against it. David Kassler, CEO of EMI Group, a British music company, says You can have a number-one album in Spain with 3,000 sales, referencing the number of pirates and downloaders. (Economist 1) Germany has kept their piracy laws simple, with a fine system for each crime. South Korea faced rampant piracy as well, but took action against it, introducing a three-point warning system for their users suspected of copyright infringement. If the user ignores these warnings and does not cease their use, their connection will be cut off and disconnected. Now, some companies in the U.S. have taken up a warning system. Copyright firms are able to collect the IP of a pirate, and can send a notice to that IP without needing to take legal action. Some unknowing pirates are frightened off by the sight of the official notice, and cease immediately. Using a detection and warni ng system has worked in Korea, leading to a 10% increase of music sales in 2009, but whether it will work in the U.S. is yet to be seen. Not all the laws will work, as Mayseey Leong of the IFPI says it wasnt as though the law came into effect and all illegal activity stopped. Laws will not be enough to stop piracy, but it can make a difference in slowing down the increase of infringement rates. Piracy has a much larger effect on people besides their internet being disconnected. Being convicted of piracy could result in graduation denial, loss of job, scholarship, or even citizenship for international pirates. Studies by Stuart Green from the International Herald Tribute shows that pirates and users of the internet have drawn a solid line between digital piracy and physical theft. (Green 1) Pirates claim nothing is being stolen, only copied and mostly used for personal use. However, 1962 introduced the Moral Penal Code, which defines property as anything valued. The vague definition has led to an argument over theft law even 50 years later, bringing up the discussion of whether or not digital goods count as valued, as they technically do not exist only as bits and numbers on a server, not physically. Therefore, a dilemma has been created where users must decide whether or not they believe piracy is actually stealing. It is known that digital distribution has done wonders for the music business, increasing revenue and popularity, but it opens up a whole world of debate about digital sharing of copyrighted goods. Because nobody is hurt at the moment of download, users claim piracy is not stealing because they are simply making a copy of the file, nobody is killed or robbed at gunpoint, as all the user has to do is click download. In the long run, production companies and music artists do take a large financial hit from a lack of sales, if a certain song or album of theirs is being sent across the internet illegally. One reporter, James Lardner, claims the more they lock things up, the more users rebel. (Lardner 1) Regardless of how companies and Congress may try to make their files inaccessible except legally, pirates and hackers will always find ways to get what they want, even if they face troubles such as takedowns of their websites. The problem companies face is that file sharing services are much smarter, and shutting down physically in one place will not affect piracy as much. One popular website, KickAss Torrents (KAT), was taken down after the founder was arrested. Yet, it did not do much against piracy, because of the way it works. Copyrighted content is shared via P2P networks, meaning it goes straight from computers that seed the file, and make it available for download directly from their computer, with no website involved. The site was simply a catalog for the .torrent files which contain the information that allow users to connect to other users to download the file. Pirates have t aken measures against website takedown, and entire server backups were quickly uploaded to a different domain name to ensure the site stayed up. KAT was down almost momentarily, and goes to show how a server level takedown could not do much damage against stopping piracy. (Mathur 1) Not only is piracy rampant digitally, but burned CDs and physical copies of copyrighted files are shared just for that reason. Physical copies are much harder to trace, despite them not leaving footprints, and can be publicly viewed and broadcasted without the user even knowing it is a pirated version. Pirates argue that the internet is a source of information and sharing, and because companies and users make their files publicly available, one way or another, they are free for the taking due to a lack of security against them. (Peloso 136) Not just one force is at fault in the grand view of piracy, but pirates blame the music industry saying it has consistently failed to adapt to changes in technology. (Wray 1) If a company has not taken any measures to protect its media, then it can be at fault for users copying it illegally. Companies can also be at fault for not making their media available in all countries for all people. International users must pirate content because some files are regionally locked, and only available in America (Wortham 1). The only way for some users to access the media is to download it from a P2P network, which may not put them completely at fault, as the companies have yet to make their media available worldwide. One anonymous user says It is available , just not legally. Having region-locked data also may serve as a cause for the high piracy rates in South Korea and Spain, being outside of the U.S. The internet is a vast network, with billions of packets of data sent on the daily. Being able to monitor and scan every single connection would take an amount of power machine and man do not have yet in the Information Age. Not even the United States could crack down on every case of copyright infringement, even in their own country. One man, who wishes to remain unknown, claims the film and television industrys efforts to stopà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ distribution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is like building a dam in the middle of a vast ocean. Along with their failure to keep up with modern times, copyright firms can only do so much in terms of catching pirates, as most use proxies, which change their IP addresses to somewhere far from their computer, to trick websites into thinking they are connecting from somewhere else, hiding themselves and their location. Therefore, it is presently impossible to catch every pirate, and authorities must accept the internets freedom, and how it can never be fully co ntrolled by anyone due to the massive size of it. No matter how much effort is put into stopping piracy, someone somewhere will always find a way to bypass restrictions and free the copyrighted content for the rest of the world. Once the content is out in the internet, it can never be fully erased, as it has been saved on hundreds, or even thousands of computers by the time the copyright firm has information the file has been taken. (Sampat 1) This is why website takedowns would not work, copies of the file have been made and can be reuploaded and hosted at any time. Pirates have to work together to function, but taking them down one-by-one has not worked so far. More attempts will be made to end piracy for sure, but that may spark more controversy, however, because any more intervention by the government and firms would only end up in violations of privacy and rights. Piracy is still fairly new, and is growing every day, despite rigorous attempts to stop it, while still remain constitutional. The main question ISPs and copyright companies face is how can the openness of the internet be preserved while having all illegal acts filtered out?. The protection of innocent customers is on the mind of every company, and selecting the few out of the bunch who commit acts of piracy is not an easy task. While they do have access to the file transfer history between users, they cannot legally intervene without a warrant, shown in the Fourth Amendment, and even if they are issued one, they cannot completely prove the user was the one who downloaded the material. Perhaps the pirate used a public Wi-Fi access point to copy a file off KAT, and then left the building. The owner of the Wi-Fi would receive a notice to cease piracy, even though he had committed no such act, his customers did. Piracy is a tricky subject, and neither side is technically correct. Pirate s can claim anything accessible can be taken, and will be because of the vast size of the internet, but companies do have a legal copyright on some media materials, and taking them is a criminal act. It is up to the governments of countries facing piracy to make a decision based on the current situation, and take action to resolve piracy. Pirates must unite to keep themselves anonymous against companies out to crack down on infringement. Congress must protect the pirates rights, but production companies must protect their copyrights. Works Cited A Rare Victory Against Piracy. Economist (London, England) Vol.395, No.8679, Apr, 2010, pp. 68, SIRS Issues Researcher. Bridegam, Martha Ann. Search and Seizure. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print Brownell, Claire. Pirates of the Internet. National Post, 13 Feb, 2016, pp. FP.5, SIRS Issues Researcher. Green, Stuart P. When Stealing Isnt Stealing. International Herald Tribune, 30 Mar, 2012, pp. 6, SIRS Issues Researcher. K, Katyal Sonia. Yale Journal of Law and Technology. N.p.: Yale Law School, 2005. Print. Lardner, James. The Empire Strikes Back. U.S.News World Report, Sep, 2000, pp. 54-56, SIRS Issues Researcher. Mathur, Swapnil. KickAss Torrents is Dead for Sure, but Online Piracy Will Continue. Financial Express, 23 Jul, 2016, SIRS Issues Researcher. Obama Administration Responds to we the People Petitions on SOPA.. WHITE HOUSE PRESS RELEASE, 14 Jan, 2012, SIRS Government Reporter. Peloso, Jennifer. Intellectual Property. New York: H.W. Wilson, 2003. Print. Robinson, Michael. Student Downloaders Beware. Macleans, Nov, 2016, SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com. Sampat, Neel. Digital Piracy. Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2017, issues.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1560147. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Spotting the Pirates. Economist, Aug, 2011, pp. 55, SIRS Issues Researcher, Stop Online Piracy Act (2011). Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2017, issues.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1688414. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Wortham, Jenna. Readers Debate Online Piracy and the Future of Digital Entertainment. The New York Times. The New York Times, 29 Sept. 2014. Web. 12 Feb. 2017.

Rose For Emily :: essays research papers

A Rose for Emily By: none (William Faulkner) In times of distress, trauma and uncertainly, many people find a comfort in familiar surroundings, where they can close out the world and relax. This was certainly Emily’s way of handling her trauma. All her life Emily tried to escape from change. Even the posting of the new mailbox was unacceptable for her. She acted as though nothing around her had changed her entire life. Even though death and loss affected her, she seemed to try to avoid thinking about it. Emily is unable to balance her traditions in modern times. But, the roots of her tragedy lay in the fact, that neither can the people who surround her in the town. In the story, Faulkner presents us with a sad tale of a lonely woman, who is only met with disappointment and grief in her search for love. Emily was a lonely woman. Miss Emily came from a powerful family. She had experienced a controlling love from her father. That love only demanded that she abide by his rules an d his expectation of her in his lifetime. Her suitors were all sent away by her father. After failing to marry, she lost the only person who was her family, her father. After her father died, she met Homer Barron, a Yankee, who was in the construction business in the town. Finally she had someone to love. They dated and possibly were happy with each other, but the traditions, customs and prejudices of the South doomed this affair to end. She could not allow this. Emily could not have lived with Homer, but she could not loose him, her only love. So she poisoned him with arsenic. She needed someone to love her eternally, and someone to love. She did not have any family members to love and nurture, to turn to for love or support. The few family members she had thought she was crazy, but actually they were even more proud of their position in the society. They prohibited her relationship with Homer. They pushed her to do what she did. The town, the family, all the people were against he r love. She could not have Homer alive. This is why she killed him. This way he was hers, only hers, forever: â€Å"Then we noticed that in the second pillow was an indentation of a head.

Sardar vallabhai patel

Jhaverbhai Patel was born at his maternal uncle's house in Nadiad, Gujarat. His actual date of birth was never officially recorded – Patel entered October 31st as his date of birth on his matriculation examination papers. He was the fourth son of Jhaverbhai and Ladba Patel, and lived in the village of Karamsad, in the Kheda district. Somabhai, Narsibhai and Vithalbhai Patel (also a future political leader) were his elder brothers. He had a younger brother, Kashibhai, and a sister, Dahiba.Patel elped his father in the fields, and bimonthly kept a day-long fast, abstaining from food and water – a cultural observance that enabled him to develop physical tougheness. He entered school late – parental attention was focused on the eldest brothers, thus leading to a degree of neglect of Patel's education. Patel travelled to attend schools in Nadiad, Petlad and Borsad, living self-sufficiently with other boys. He took his matriculation at the late age of 22; at this point , he was generally regarded by his elder relatives as an unambitious man destined for a commonplace job.But Patel himself harbored a plan – he would pass the Pleader's examination and become a lawyer. He would then set aside funds, travel to England, then train to become a barrister. During the many years it took him to save money, Vallabhbhai – now a pleader – earned a reputation as a fierce and skilled lawyer. He had also cultivated a stoic character – he lanced a painful boil without hesitation, even as the barber supposed to do it trembled. Patel spent years away from his family, pursuing his goals assiduously. Later, Patel fetched Jhaverba from her parent's home – Patel as married to Jhaverba at a young age.As per Indian custom at the time, the girl would remain at her mother's house until her husband began earning – and set up his household. His wife bore him a daughter, Manibehn, in 1904, and later a son, Dahyabhai, in 1906. Patel als o cared for a personal friend suffering from Bubonic plague when it swept the state. After Patel himself came down with the disease, he immediately sent away his family to safety, left his home, and moved into an isolated house in Nadiad (by other accounts, Patel spent this time in a dilapidated temple); here, he recovered slowly.Patel took on the financial burdens of his homestead in Karamsad even while saving for England and supporting a young family. He made way for his brother Vithalbhai Patel to travel to England in place of him, on his own saved money and opportunity. The episode occurred as the tickets and pass Patel had applied for arrived in the name of â€Å"V. J. Patel,† and arrived at Vithalbhai's home, who bore the same initials. Patel did not hesitate to make way for his elder brother's ambition before his own, and funded his trip as well.In 1909, Patel's wife Jhaverba was hospitalized in Bombay to undergo a major surgical operation for cancer. Her health sudden ly worsened, and despite successful emergency surgery, she died. Patel was given a note informing him of his wife's demise as he was cross-examining a witness in court. As per others who witnessed, Patel read the note, pocketed it and continued to intensely cross-examine the witness, and won the case. He broke the news to others only after the proceedings had ended. Patel himself decided against marrying again.He raised his children with the help of his family, and sent them to England and enrolled at the Middle Temple Inn in London. Finishing a 36-month course in 30 months, Patel topped his class despite having no previous college background. Patel settled in the city of Ahmedabad, and became one of the citys most successful barristers. Wearing European-style clothes and urbane mannerisms, he also became a skilled bridge player at the Gujarat Club. His close friends would include his neighbours Dr. Balwantray and Nandubehn Kanuga, who would remain ear to him, and a young lawyer, Ga nesh Vasudev Mavlankar.He had also made a pact with his brother Vithalbhai to support his entry into politics in Bombay, while Patel himself would remain in Ahmedabad and provide for the family. According to some of Patel's friends, he nurtured ambitions to expand his practise and accumulate great wealth, and to provide his children with modern education. Vallabhbhai Patel was a major political and social leader of India and its struggle for independence, and is credited for achieving the political integration of independent India. In India nd across the world, he is known as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, where Sardar stands for Chief in many languages of India.Patel organized the peasants of Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against the oppressive policies imposed by the British Raj – becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He rose to the leadership of the Indian National Congress and at the forefront of rebellions and polit ical events – organizing the party for elections in 1934 and 1937, and leading Indians into the Quit India movement. He was imprisoned by he British government on numerous occasions, especially from 1931 to 1934, and from 1942 to 1945.Becoming the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organized relief and rehabilitation efforts in the riot-struck Punjab and Delhi, and led efforts to restore security. Patel took charge of the task to forge a united India from a plethora of semi-independent princely states, colonial provinces and possessions. Patel employed an iron fist in a velvet glove diplomacy – frank political negotiations backed with the option (and the use) of military action to weld a ation that could emancipate its people without the prospect of divisions or civil conflict.His leadership obtained the peaceful and swift integration of all 565 princely states into the Republic of India. Patel's initiatives spread democracy extensively acros s India, and re-organized the states to help transform India into a modern federal republic. His admirers call him the Iron Man of India. He is also remembered as the â€Å"patron saint† of India's civil servants for his defence of them against political attack, and for being one of the earliest and key defenders of property rights and free nterprise in independent India.On 29 March 1949, a plane carrying Patel and the Maharaja of Patiala lost radio contact, and Patel's life was feared for all over the nation. The plane had made an emergency landing in the desert of Rajasthan upon an engine failure, and Patel and all passengers were safe, and traced by nearby villagers. When Patel returned to Delhi, members of Parliament and thousands of Congressmen gave him a raucous welcome. In Parliament, MPs gave a thunderous ovation to Patel – stopping proceedings for half an hour.

Article review of A Question of Balance essays

Article review of A Question of Balance essays This review is of the article A question of balance from the April 2004 volume of National Geographic. In the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar (what used to be called Burma), a large wildlife sanctuary was created in an uninhabited section of the valley. Now the wildlife sanctuary is being considered for expansion to become the worlds largest tiger reserve. In an earlier time, this plan may not have faced so many challenges. In the years following World War Two, the bridges leading into the valley were destroyed by nature as well as the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) who sought to keep out the central government. Now, decades later, the bridges into the Hukawng Valley are being rebuilt. Because of this, tens of thousands of people are moving into the area. They come in search of gold and wildlife for profit. The gold in the Hukawng valley has remained largely untouched for years. Because of this, people are going to great lengths just to find small amounts of it. A small amount of gold can easily equal a months pay or more. It is the methods used to extract the gold from the soil that worries environmentalists. The miners start by using high pressure water to blast a hole into the ground. The hole becomes larger and the soil is turned into sludge. Cyanide and mercury are then used to help pull the gold from the sludge. For all of the work that is involved, little gold is retrieved and the environment pays the price. The nearby streams and the ground water is damaged by the poisonous chemicals, any animals drinking water from these sources will most likely be killed. Another problem presented by the gold mining is the large increase of people in the area. There are now thousands of people living in areas were only a hundred lived before. The increase in people means a major drain on the local resources. One of those resources is the wildlife in the area. The tigers in the area must ...

Nafta and Mercosur essays

Nafta and Mercosur essays While still in office, President Bill Clinton emerged from a meeting with 33 Western Hemisphere leaders and made an ambitious pledge. By 2005, he promised, a ''Free Trade Area of the Americas would stretch from Alaska to Argentina'' and ''will be the world's largest market.'' He had the idea of combining all trading blocks and emerging as one huge western connection. The question now remains, should the new President strive to accomplish the goal of Clinton? Would the combination of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the South American Common Market (MERCOSUR) be a good idea, or even possible? Would it be in our best interests to link ourselves in contract with not only Canada and Mexico but Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay as well? The answer is definitely yes. As it is now, NAFTA is starting to fail in many peoples eyes. Though it has brought success to some, it has caused distress for most. The inclusion of the South American countries and the MERCOSUR ways could only make the United States more successful economically. To understand why things need to change in order to better our economy we must first know the background information. On January 1st, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement went into effect, creating the worlds largest free trade area. Among the main objectives is the liberalization of trade between Canada, Mexico and the United States, to stimulate economic growth and give the NAFTA countries equal access to each others markets. Some of the promised benefits were 200,000 new U.S. jobs from NAFTA per year, higher wages in Mexico, a growing U.S. trade surplus with Mexico, environmental clean-up and improved health along the border. The most important feature of NAFTA that would benefit the people is employment and the promise that NAFTA would create hundreds of thousands of new, high paying jobs. There was also a promise that wages in Mexico would increase due t...

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Reflection - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  as a health care provider, having spirituality assists in enhancing the confidence of the patients through meditation and prayer, which gives them, hope of healing and quick recovery. The spirituality aspect enhances the patient’s belief that the medication they are undergoing is going to be effective in curing them. It also serves to enable the health care provider, be in a position to offer pastoral counseling to the patients, which boosts their spirit and comforts them amidst their sad and lonely feeling. Being spiritual goes a long way to ensure that patients understand the connection between life and death, affording patients comfort even when they are on the verge of passing on, by making them accept death as a part of transition.  This paper discusses that the difference in dealing with acute and chronic patients spirituality is that while the acute patient’s spirituality is pointed towards accepting the fate of death, t he chronic patient’s spirituality is pointed towards giving them confidence that medication is going to restore their health. The need for spirituality in children and families is to enhance their acceptance of illnesses and find meaning in them, while evoking for their compassion and forgiveness towards each other. The reporter's vision of the role of a spiritual provider in patients spiritual needs have been changed to point to the direction of religious intercession.

Compare and contrast Confucianism, Daoism, and Shinto Essay

Compare and contrast Confucianism, Daoism, and Shinto - Essay Example etween them, namely a specific understanding of human nature and the characteristics of its relationship with the divine law either through the human mind (Confucianism) or by means of mystical knowledge (Daoism and Shinto). Confucians believed that the true essence of people is humanity or â€Å"jen† (Fisher 209). Self-cultivation was understood as the development of a â€Å"humane† beginning and the suppression of wild and evil factors. By the time of the emergence of Daoism, Confucianism was the official doctrine and the basis of the state structure. The ideal of Confucianism was presented by a notion of a â€Å"noble man,† the carrier of Confucian consciousness responsible for the harmony between Heaven and human nature. His virtues were seen in self-control, justice, reverence for elders, and social responsibility. His goal was public service since in Confucian ethics person is subject to the society (210). Confucian culture is elitist, since the main area of its distribution was presented by noble people (mainly officials engaged in the administration of the state). As a result, this led to a desire to govern all possible spheres of human life. These changes were achieved by l imiting the undesirable factors, mainly through the assimilation of norms of behavior and control (first external and then internal). The main virtue of a noble man was considered a permanent control over his/her own mental sphere and preservation of self-control. In this regards, introspection was designed to detect human failings. In turn, Daoism, also condemning human passions, understands the true human nature in its close connection with the cosmic principle that embodies universal laws of nature. The supreme goal of Daoism is the detection and the actualization of the â€Å"true principles† in man and complete submission to them. Man needs should seek to merge with the divine Dao, â€Å"a mystical reality that cannot be grasped by the mind† (195). There was initially no question of

Spoken and Written Language, the Dual Route Model Case Study

Spoken and Written Language, the Dual Route Model - Case Study Example 1197). Thus, Coltheart and Rastle attempt to offer evidence to the utility of dual-route theory in analyzing the reading performance of young normal readers as well as children with reading impairment. Another significant article on the applicability of dual-route theory, Rapcsak, et al. offer establish with evidences that dual-route equation as well as a related multiple regression model can â€Å"accurately predict both reading and spelling performance in adult neurological patients with acquired alexia and agraphia. These findings provide empirical support for dual-route theories of written language processing.† (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan, and Beeson, 2007, p. 2519). Therefore, both the articles deal with the effectiveness of dual-route models to analyze the reading performance of people with reading impairment, although the strategy as well as the focus of these articles differs. It is essential to realize that both the articles deal with scientific studies about th e usefulness of dual-route models and they offer detailed information about the participants of the study, including the age, speech and language abilities, cognitive status of the participants, etc. In short, the articles deal with a common topic, i.e.

The effect of acid rain on building materials Essay Example for Free

The effect of acid rain on building materials Essay Due to dissolved carbon dioxide rainwater is naturally acidic in the form of the weak carbonic acid. However gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides cause acid rain, which is responsible for the corrosion of buildings and damage to the wildlife. The burning of fossil fuels releases these gases into the atmosphere when the small quantities of sulphur react with the oxygen in the air, forming sulphur dioxide. The aim of this investigation is to investigate the way in which one factor alters the rate of erosion of building materials such as stonework and metals. To conduct this experiment I can use marble chips (calcium carbonate) or magnesium ribbon and in place of sulphuric acid dilute hydrochloric acid will be used. This is because sulphuric acid produces an insoluble salt which prevents any further reaction with the acid. The two possible equations for the experiment are: 1) Mg + 2HCl MgCl + H 2) CaCO? + 2HCl CaCl + CO + H O I have decided to conduct my experiment using magnesium ribbon and so equation 1 will be used. Here is a list of the factors which I could investigate: Volume of acid Concentration of acid. Temperature of reaction Mass/length of magnesium ribbon Particle size (no. of strips of magnesium) The factor which I have decided to investigate is the volume of hydrochloric acid. The range of volumes I have opted to use are 10cmi , 20cmi , 30cmi , 40cmi and 50cmi. The concentration of acid will remain at 2M throughout the investigation and the investigation will be conducted at room temperature. Also 1 strip of magnesium ribbon of mass 0. 05g will be used throughout the investigation. For each volume of acid used I will time how long it takes for 50cmiof hydrogen gas to be produced and collected in a gas syringe. Apparatus Conical Flask (with bung) 100cmi gas syringe Scales Measuring cylinder Stopwatch Hypothesis I believe that as the volume of acid increases so will the rate of gas produced. This is because there will be more acid molecules and so there will be more chance of collisions between the magnesium and hydrochloric acid, thus a higher rate of reaction. I believe that the volume of acid will be directly proportional to the rate of reaction and so the following will be true: Therefore, if the volume of acid is doubled then the rate of gas produced should double. Diagram Method First of all the gas syringe was connected to the conical flask. 0. 05g of magnesium ribbon was weighed using the scales and placed inside the conical flask. The first volume of 2M hydrochloric acid, 10cmi , was measured out using a measuring cylinder and then added to the flask. Simultaneously the stopwatch was started and the bung was placed on the conical flask. When 50cmi hydrogen had been collected the stopwatch was stopped. This was repeated 3 times with each of the volumes of hydrochloric acid, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50cmi. For each volume an average time was calculated and then using that time the rate of reaction was calculated with the following equation: Rate (cmi /s) = Volume of gas produced (cmi ) Time (s) Results Time Taken (s) Volume of HCl (cmi ) Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average Reading Rate of Reaction (cmi /s).

Requirements For An Apophantic Sentence :: essays research papers

Logic, as it appears in its everyday form, seems to stand on its own, without any requirements to needed to justify its existence. However, it is commonly overlooked that "logic is the science and means of clear . . . communication." Consequently, many sentences are regarded as logical, which in reality are illogical. It can therefore be found that the language used to communicate this logic must be carefully constructed using a certain format in order to form a logical statement. The requirements in such a sentence include a subject, the verb "to be", a predicate containing information that is relevant to the subject by means of the verb "to be", an adjective, and it must have correct reference numbers. Therefore, logic must consist of sentences of a certain kind, in order to be formatted with the intention of revealing or displaying something. It is because of the former items that a logical sentence cannot exist unless it contains all of the previous ly mentioned grammatical parts. The definition of a subject is: the object in a sentence about which something is said. A logical sentence can, therefore, not exist without a subject, for the simple reason that nothing can be revealed about an object that has not been revealed to the potential obtainer of the logic. Simply stated, if there were no subject, the logical sentence would have nothing to show something about. "Being seems to be presupposed in every apophantic sentence," and it is for this reason that the verb "to be" is required in all sentences of that sort. A verb is that which displays action, existence, or occurrence. Nothing can be displayed concerning the subject of the logical statement unless the subject exists, unless it "is." A predicate must also be present in a logic sentence, and it must be relative to the subject by means of the verb "to be." It is necessary for the subsistence of such a sentence because of the previous definition of the subject. The subject is the item about which something is said, and the predicate is the part of the statement that says something about the subject. In other words, nothing can be revealed about the subject in a logic sentence unless something is said about that subject. However, the predicate must be tied to the subject by the verb "to be", otherwise the result would be that the predicate would be making a statement about a subject that does not exist. Requirements For An Apophantic Sentence :: essays research papers Logic, as it appears in its everyday form, seems to stand on its own, without any requirements to needed to justify its existence. However, it is commonly overlooked that "logic is the science and means of clear . . . communication." Consequently, many sentences are regarded as logical, which in reality are illogical. It can therefore be found that the language used to communicate this logic must be carefully constructed using a certain format in order to form a logical statement. The requirements in such a sentence include a subject, the verb "to be", a predicate containing information that is relevant to the subject by means of the verb "to be", an adjective, and it must have correct reference numbers. Therefore, logic must consist of sentences of a certain kind, in order to be formatted with the intention of revealing or displaying something. It is because of the former items that a logical sentence cannot exist unless it contains all of the previous ly mentioned grammatical parts. The definition of a subject is: the object in a sentence about which something is said. A logical sentence can, therefore, not exist without a subject, for the simple reason that nothing can be revealed about an object that has not been revealed to the potential obtainer of the logic. Simply stated, if there were no subject, the logical sentence would have nothing to show something about. "Being seems to be presupposed in every apophantic sentence," and it is for this reason that the verb "to be" is required in all sentences of that sort. A verb is that which displays action, existence, or occurrence. Nothing can be displayed concerning the subject of the logical statement unless the subject exists, unless it "is." A predicate must also be present in a logic sentence, and it must be relative to the subject by means of the verb "to be." It is necessary for the subsistence of such a sentence because of the previous definition of the subject. The subject is the item about which something is said, and the predicate is the part of the statement that says something about the subject. In other words, nothing can be revealed about the subject in a logic sentence unless something is said about that subject. However, the predicate must be tied to the subject by the verb "to be", otherwise the result would be that the predicate would be making a statement about a subject that does not exist.

The Unrealistic Portrayal of Women in the Media

Media is one of the most influential aspects of modern society. It plays an enormous role in setting societal standards and depicting how people, especially women, should act and appear. In everything from advertising, television programming, newspapers and magazines, to comic books, popular music, film and video games the media sets unrealistic standards for women. These unrealistic depictions of the role that women must play, and the image that women must have in order to be accepted are drastically affecting societies views and the self-worth of women worldwide.In all forms of media, women are grossly misrepresented. Women are most often shown in the home, performing domestic chores; as sex objects who exist primarily to service men; as the romantic interest; as characters who rely greatly on men; as victims who can not protect themselves and are the natural recipients of beatings, harassment, sexual assault and murder. Women rarely play leading roles or roles of significance in m ovies and television shows, and when they do, they are rarely cast as independent or as a hero.Only 16 percent of films feature women protagonists (Richardson, 2011). In 2012, women represented less than one-third of the speaking characters (Eveleth, 2013). For every one female on screen, there were two and a half men. Women are not given enough positive role models. Even in Disney movies, female characters ride off into the sunset at age 16 with a prince they barely know; sending the message that we are reliant on men. Furthermore, almost every single cleaning product advertisement created features a woman cleaning up after her children and husband.Despite the fact that in real life, this concept of patriarchy and women being fragile and weak is largely is outdated, the media continues to portray women in this way. This is sending a entirely inaccurate image of how things should be to society, especially to young girls and women. Women are not only being told to play a certain role in society, but being pressured to look a certain way as well. From young age, women are exposed to the idea that they are supposed to be sexy; tall, have a small waist, be buxom, have perfect skin, etc.All Disney princess movies, however harmless they may seem, show girls sexually. In G-rated children's films, female characters often look just as sexual/revealing as they do in R-rated movies. Many online games for young girls, such as Selena's Date Rush, do a similar thing. The instructions for Selena's Date Rush are simple: â€Å"When Justin comes to pick her up in the morning, she just woke up with no makeup! Please help her complete her makeup before Justin finds out! â€Å"; implying that you are not beautiful enough to be seen until you are in makeup.Additionally, while Barbie is supposed to be a positive role model for children, the proportions of the Barbie doll are humanly unattainable and the outfits that she wears are impractical and revealing. Not only Barbie dolls, b ut other popular dolls such as Monster High dolls and Bratz dolls, promote that same image. These unrealistic role models, that skew the meaning of beauty are present through women's whole lives. There is a constant bombardment of hyper-sexualised, airbrushed images of women as well as messages of needing self-improvement, in all forms of media.Almost all advertisements for cosmetic products and clothing feature digitally modified, underweight models. In fact, the first and only ad campaign featuring average and overweight women is a Dove ad campaign. The Canadian Health Network found that the average female model is not only much taller than the average woman, but weighs nearly 25% less (ojejwow, 1996). Even commercials about obtaining a healthy and physically active, lifestyle feature the presence of very thin actresses with a wide range of body and facial cosmetics. This leads to the assumption, that only thin women can be beautiful and healthy.Also, three-quarters of women's mag azine covers feature articles about overhauling one's physical appearance and studies indicate that nearly three-quarters of all female characters in sitcoms are underweight, and those that are overweight are often the subject of comments or jokes about their bodies made by male characters (â€Å"Portrayal of women,† 2009). Everywhere that young girls and women turn they are faced with the idea that their looks are everything, that pleasing the male gaze is paramount and that hiding their â€Å"imperfections† and making themselves sexy is the sum total of their value.It is only when one looks at all of these things together that one starts to realise the immense impact it might be having on them. The way in which women are portrayed in the media has an overwhelming negative effect on society. Media reinforcing the idea that women are weak and nothing without men continues to create problems with the way that women are treated and viewed by society in the workplace and in many social situations.It also creates problems in the way that women treat and view themselves, especially in relationships. 1 in 3 girls between the ages of 16 and 18 say sex is expected for people their age if they are in a relationship (â€Å"Statistics,† n. d. ). Unfortunately, women are often pressured to conform to societies standards regarding sex and relationships, especially as adolescents. Media constantly creating unrealistic standards for beauty is effecting the physical and mental health of women and girls.In one survey nearly half of nine- to twelve-year-old girls said they wanted to be thinner and had either been on a diet or were aware of the concept of dieting and in another study in one study half of girls ages 16-21 said they would undergo surgery to improve their bodies (â€Å"Body image- girls,† 2012) Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. (2011) says that one out of every four college-aged women uses un-healthy methods of weight con trol- including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative abuse, and self induced vomiting. Eating disorders have become more and more prominent in young women.Psychological factors that cause these disorders include low self-esteem and feelings of inadequacy or lack of control, which are often caused by the unrealistic standards set by media. Even if eating disorders are not an issue, self-esteem problems frequently are. Dove's Real Truth About Beauty research (2011) revealed that by the age of 14, 55% of Canadian girls feel pressure to be â€Å"beautiful†. By the time they are 29, this number increases to 96%. This industry has gone too far in pushing a dangerously thin, unrealistically â€Å"beautiful†, misguided image that women, and young girls, try to emulate.The harsh reality that low self-esteem, low self- worth, and feelings of inadequacy are evident in almost all women's life in some form is not one to be taken lightly. Media, while providing peop le with information and entertainment, also affects people’s lives by shaping their opinions of and attitudes toward society and themselves. This is particularly relevant pertaining to the image of women in the media. Mass media still uses gender stereotypes and unrealistic definitions of beauty to reach the consumer, and the effects that these tactics have on women are severe.With most women facing oppression regarding gender roles of some form and with only 4% of women being able to call themselves beautiful (â€Å"Surprising Self-Esteem Statistics,† 2011), it is clear that change needs to occur. The media needs to stop using underweight women to sell products to every day women, instilling feelings of inadequacy in women in order to sell products, presenting women in sexual, dependent, or domestic roles and need to begin instilling self-worth in young girls and women of all makes and give them positive role models.Changing the media's projection of woman has been a consistent agenda of the women's movement since the early l960s. However, little has happened and it will take an enormous shift in the mentality of media producers and society itself before a great deal can happen. For now, if people become aware of the stereotypes and teach critical viewing skills and the real meaning of beauty/equality to young girls and one another, perhaps they will be less likely to succumb to the effects of the unrealistic standards that the media has put in place for all women.

Language Learning

IntroductionA foreign language is the language that people from another specific country/nation speak. Why should we learn foreign languages? As Frank Smith (Voxy, 2011) stated: â€Å"One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way†. Learning a foreign language is a fundamental way to broaden one's horizon, to find a job, to communicate with people from all over the world, to understand and respect other civilizations, to study or work abroad, to consume knowledge from the foreign media and others. The list of the gains of speaking a foreign language is endless. It is not only about having the skills to speak a language; it also serves personal potential to grow and to improve oneself. In the era of globalization and massive migration, language learning is more needed than ever before. The last decades, millions of people have been moving from one place to another (for various reasons such as political, economical, cultural reasons) in order to ameliorate their lives and get more opportunities to develop themselves. This situation sets the language learning inevitable because without it people could simply not communicate. As education has been always the most shaping mechanism, foreign language teaching is a main purpose in nowadays' schooling. A key note of UNESCO's proposes in the  «Guidelines on Intercultural Education » is that  «the role of language is a basic tool through education to arise understanding among people's cultures » (Cowen, 2009, p. 1019). The primary education level is considered one of the most important periods in a child's life. It is a core-stage that comes after pre-schooling, where children get the basic knowledge in order to evolve themselves and to build later a personal cognitive system where they can add all the following knowledge they are going to face during education (either formal or informal). School curriculums worldwide include teaching students at least one compulsory foreign language as they start primary school. Regularly, those school curricula in each country form the way of language teaching and they are continuously looking for the best methods and policies in order to achieve the greatest cognitive result. Education should prioritize and support the language teaching in favor of students to have access to a very broad information/knowledge area.  English as a foreign language in EuropeHaving a global language makes our lives much simpler and our communication attainable. The selection of English language benefits people from different national contexts to connect and interact in several levels (for example: educational, professional, political, social level). In fact, without having a common language as a means of communication, the struggle of it would be noticeable everywhere in our lives. According to Collins Dictionary for the definition â€Å"English as a foreign language† is: â€Å"the practice and theory of learning and teaching English for use in countries where it is not an official medium† (English as a Foreign Language definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary†). The heads of European Union in 2002, focused on a two foreign language teaching from a very early age. This process would develop children's tolerance to deal with the different cultures and/or languages. The positive outcomes of this action would also benefit children in cognitive and academic level as they would be more effective in all other areas (Dedrinou, 2013, p.46). Therefore, the urgent need of foreign language acquisition is a vital matter in recent years' schooling and its position becomes stronger and stronger. Reviewing the â€Å"Key data of teaching languages at schools in Europe† the most common foreign language that students learn in primary and secondary school, is English. English is a mandatory foreign language in nearly all education systems that stipulate a particular foreign language that all students must study, that is, in almost half of the European countries studied (Union, 2018, p.13). The percentage of European students learning English during the whole process of education is 97.3%. In Primary schools it is lower (79.4%) due to the non-compulsory character of English teaching at the first years (grades) of Primary education in several countries. The last ten years 18.7% more primary school students were learning English compared to 2005. The reason is that the starting point of English teaching moved in lower grades of schooling (Union, 2018).Aim and significanceThe present exam paper points to reflect the importance of learning the first foreign language from the very early age of Primary school. Moreover, it aims to add knowledge to the existent information in language learning generally and particularly in these two countries, in order to promote international overview understanding of educational methods and policies. The cases of Greece and Sweden are compared as a means to review the similarities and the differences of language teaching practices in each educational system. The Swedes are highly motivated to learn English and their rankings are on the top of the list of non-native English speakers (Number 2 among 80 countries/regions)(â€Å"EF EPI 2017 – Sweden,†). Greek people spent a fortune in additional English teaching outside school and they hardly achieve proficiency in English as they finish their education (Number 23 among 80 countries/regions) (â€Å"EF EPI 2017 – Greece,†). These rankings above inspired the author of the present paper to examine the process of English language teaching in these two specific primary school systems. Featured information within this paper could help to point out and explain each system's weaknesses and also, to highlight good quality methods or/and results. The two –country selection is also, author's high-interest topic. Specifically, Sweden is often used as a â€Å"great example† of educating students with innovative techniques and considerable results. Greece is the author's country of origin. As a result of personal experience as a student and as an English language private teacher in six-year old children, this paper aims to examine the teaching process and efficiency in Greece. It is considerable to examine the whole process of English learning in Greece because it is not only about schooling but also, a matter of external factors. The analysis of Greece is a slightly more extended by the case of the explanation of these external factors mentioned above. Of special concern is to pose some basic questions that are going to be investigated within this paper:Which age is the most suitable to start learning a first foreign language?Who supposes to teach the foreign language?How children that are taught English perform in two different countries?How the teaching process is accomplished in Greece and Sweden?What the current data state about total student assessment in English?Which country's method seems to be more efficient?  MethodFirstly, as far as the comparative part within this paper, it is based on the famous cube by Bray and Thomas. The chosen dimensions/ levels of comparison are the following: age groups (primary school children), countries (Sweden and Greece) and teaching methods (first foreign language teaching) (Bray, Adamson & Mason, 2014, p. 9). This multilevel analysis gives comparative approach to an international issue, the one of teaching the first foreign language. The aspects of comparison are three so this cube is a perfect model of comparative usage because it makes it more comprehensible and accessible. The specific comparison constitutes an indisputable piece of International and Comparative Education and as Marshall reports: â€Å"Comparisons enable us to view education from alternative perspectives, potentially leading to a greater understanding of the world, the people who live in it, and the issues they may face.† (Marshall, 2014, p.61-62). Furthermore, the main material information for the two comparing countries is collected from the Eurydice Report of EU Publications: â€Å"Key data on teaching languages at school in Europe†. This report contains information and statistics in language teaching from 42 countries/regions in Europe. Due to the broad character of the report, the chosen level is primary schools and English language teaching in both Greece and Sweden. However, the report includes data for second language teaching in each country or minority language teaching (Union, 2018). Research in journal articles, academic papers and web pages contributed to indentify the process of learning English as the first foreign language and both the similarities and differences in the countries of question. International and Comparative education's literature is also used to examine paper's topic through the lens of the field.LimitationsAs already mentioned above, the main material within this paper comes from a European Report found on Eurydice, where the phenomenon of language teaching is examined in 42 European countries/regions. It was not possible to compare all these countries/regions, the levels of education or several languages provided during education and come to conclusions, so the selected areas are just two countries (Greece and Sweden), one foreign language (English) and one level ( Primary education). Therefore the language teaching in secondary education and the learning outcomes of both countries are not examined and well-explained in the present paper. As it is expected in every national context, social, historical, economical and lingual reasons shape a different reality in each country. In this paper those reasons are not analyzed due to paper's formation. For instance, Swedish language structure is closer (comparing to Greek) to the English one, so the Swedes are way more familiar with the English alphabet, grammar, vocabulary and sentence structure . Therefore it is expected that the Swedes are more likely able to conquer the target language rather than anyone else whose native language is quite different (Igawa & Yagi, 2011, p. 106). Probably, it is an interesting perspective for future academic research and analysis. Moreover, the following analysis of Greece is going to reveal the situation of additional English classes that Greek students are encouraged to take in order to ameliorate their English status. These classes divide into two categories: Foreign Language Schools (Frontistiria) and private lessons at home (Idietera mathimata). As it comes to the second option (private lessons at home) data is limited owing to the informal character of these lessons.