Management Challenges in Criminal Justice Essay

Abstract The criminal justice arena is made up of law enforcement, courts, and corrections and is vast as well as it is its own environment when referencing the leading or management of special groups. Numerous components within the criminal justice realm require team cooperation to be successful. In the law enforcement branch organized special groups such as Multi-agency gang and drug tasks forces, SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics), CSI Crime Scene Investigation), and fugitive recovery units made up of cooperative entities of different agencies make up some of the organized teams of the law enforcement side of the criminal justice system. Courts are composed of prosecution teams, some of which specialize in specified criminal cases. Corrections are comprised of management that stresses both rehabilitation and incarceration as ordered by the courts. All of these organizations are composed of personnel trained as basic officers, then were chosen to be a part of a smaller, elite, and pinpointe d organized group. Management in a criminal justice agencies is a challenge all its own, managing smaller groups that carry specified responsibility within an organization carry different set of challenges. The criminal justice system is an environment that consists of law enforcement, courts, and corrections, though all are different entities, they strive to meet the same goal. The leadership within each of these entities has many challenges to face and conquer, one of which is that each has a different protocol when meeting the same goal of serving justice, yet each must accomplish this mission by different means. The challenge is the means by which each of the different branches is tasked to prove and execute their judiciary authority while maintaining a freedom of society. Legislation and courts place law enforcement at the forefront of detainment for a crime, which then puts the courts in motion. One challenge that is faced by management within the criminal justice system lies between the courts and the correctional branches. The challenge between the courts and correctional branches is the court system favors incarceration and the  correctional system emphasizes rehabilitation b ack to society. The common ground between these two branches is the teamwork between leadership that ensures the mission of each is completed and without out compromise of societies trust in the criminal justice system. Another challenge that management within such a vast system faces is budget shortages. These shortages affect all branches of the criminal justice system as well all levels including local, state, and federal authorities. Over the past several years most states have decreased funding as much as 15% as well half the states in the union have either delayed in filling judgeships or not filled them at all, thus forcing judges to sit on multiple bench roles, while other states were forced to lay off staff or take furlough (Associated Press, 2010). Management within these organizations is expected by society to provide adequate protection though their operating budgets are being decreased. Managers must find a motivation for their employees to complete tasks without incentive or praise whi le increasing responsibilities due to lack of potential man-power. Challenges such as ethnic environmental changes around the globe also have an effect on the criminal justice system both in this country and abroad. These changes brought about situations that the criminal justice system was not prepared for; at the top of this concern is terrorism. The first World Trade Center raised concerns about foreign terrorism in the United States, then domestic terrorism became an issue in 1995 with Timothy McVeigh’s attack on the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Larger concerns were raised and changes demanded after September 11, 2001, when the most deadly terror attack in this country was spawned. The question was raised concerning the country being adequately protected against terror attacks of that magnitude. Confusion within the laws that were created from past terror attacks have led to accusations of innocent persons being part of terror organizations. Confusion arises because of a structure that allows for terrorists to slip through cracks and loopholes within the system (Wilson, 1985). This confusion causes leaders within the law enforcement community to balance the sides of the system that society has lost faith in. These managers would need to address issues, such as stereotyping of Middle Eastern persons and persons of questionable  faiths that society may associate with terror organizations. These leaders would need to encourage fair and unbiased treatment regardless of ethnical differences. A challenge that affects the criminal justice system, preferably the correctional branch, is facility overcrowding. Prison overcrowding is a major problem in this country as the massive bed shortage continues to grow at a rate of seven percent a year (Daniel Dunne, 2010). Overcrowding in prisons and jails area a constant issue due to the work of the law enforcement and court branches, in short, doing their jobs of incarceration and sentencing. Since this issue is caused by the other two branches fulfilling their sworn duties, there is no certain method currently available to solve this issue, thus it is for this reason that leaders within the two active branches must take into consideration charges and sentencing of an offender. Leaders within the correctional branch find overcrowding more difficult during budget crises where programs are cut or dismantled in efforts to save money. Some wardens and other correctional managers have resorted to double or triple bunking of prison cells, some managers find this a violation of the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution as it does reflect cruel and unusual punishment. As this crisis continues, managers continue to show frustration as courts continue to sentence offenders to institutions with reduced room to house them properly. The challenge mostly less obvious to the public is the political arena that criminal justice management faces. All three branches of the criminal justice system are affected by politics, from the legislation of laws to the employment of leaders within the system. Leaders must have the ability to adapt to both legal and political challenges (Allen & Sawhney, 2010). Most leaders and management of the criminal justices system are stuck in the middle between lobbyists for laws and annexations as well as other issues that benefit small entities of societies or communities but may not favor either as a whole. This political unrest faced by these leaders causes frustration, which leads to another challenge-communication to those employed in the system but not in management positions. Communication barriers between management leaders and the subordinate group are commonplace. In any occupation there are two types of communication; one from the individuals within the occupation the other is from the organizations within the occupation. Management must overcome the challenge of communication from individuals’ interpretation of messages through clarity and explanation and the manner for which it was delivered. All three branches of the criminal justice system have their own terminology, language, and interpretation of messages. The main challenge for leadership is interpretation and standardizing of specified language to keep these messages on an even keel. Communication is among the most important tool in the criminal justice system and each individual organization; any failure can have a devastating effect on multiple individuals from the organization to the victim(s). Therefore, communication must be clear and concise with everyone in the criminal justice s ystem with a strategy to overcome lapses. Aside from the language barriers within the criminal justice system come two of the greatest challenges faced by the criminal justice system go together, as one usually does not occur without the other. Ethnical and cultural diversity issues can have an effect on society but even more so with a system of authority that operates off of communication and laws that may not be adhered to by people from outside of the observing community or country. Since this country is majority multicultural, it is important for the criminal justice system to recognize and respect these cultures as they have contact with them. Because of this demand of recognition and respect, leaders within the criminal justice system must be open minded and go farther than the basic manager, they must become experts of these different ethnicities and teachers of their organized groups, thus educating them to better serving them as they have contact with them. Cultural diversity issues are the main argument in many criminal justice organizations. The lack of knowledge of groups lead to offense and distrust from groups towards authority, this then leads to hostility, non-compliance, and lack of involvement from communities of different ethnicities. For criminal justice agencies to be successful in a diverse environment, leaders must address religious differences, language differences, and cultural  traditions that may need to be taken into consideration. Lastly, the challenge of morality and ethics is always a concern for managing leadership in any organization. Management within the criminal justice system is always under scrutiny in reference to ethics and moral standards. Morals are instilled in individuals throughout life, ethics is taught through an organization’s environment. Leaders must find a happy medium when these two concerns clash and may cause a compromising situation. This common ground may need to appease both the moral of the organization’s personnel as well as the ethical conduct of the organization. Because the criminal justice field is held to standards higher than most of society, ethical conduct must be strict and understood when comparing to morals. Ethics will always be a concern, but superb leadership can stress adherence without improvising the system. In conclusion, challenges within the criminal justice system’s management and leadership are never ending. Leaders and managers are vicariously held accountable for subordinate’s actions and must remain diligent with solutions to problems. To maintain proper adherence to policy and procedures, leadership must be diligent in their efforts of education and communication of their subordinate employees as well as receptive to their ideas and solutions to issues that may be a challenge to the system as well. These solutions can be instilled through training and promotion of ideas via strong structured leadership and motivation from within individual organizations in their entirety. References Allen, Jennifer & Sawhney, Rajeev, (2010) Administration and Management in Criminal justice. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/allen/main.htm Duelin, D. (2010) What are the Challenges Facing Leaders in the Criminal Justice Organizations. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_6883806_challenges-groups-criminal-justice-organizations.html Elias, P. (2011) State Budgets Clog Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/AP2911fb9c56e845e98145441192b3a5aa.html Marwah, Sharpan. (2002) Report Shows U.S. Prisons Overcrowded. Retrieved from http://www.prisonpolicy.org/news/uwire041502.html

Week Discussion

As discussed, Loaning is one of the developing countries which have rhodium reserves under its surface. Talking about the Loaning, it is famous for his pastoral settings and there are nomadic tribes who usually drive cattle and gain their living. One of the significant Importance that this country has Is related to the Loaning monkeys who lives In the vulgar hardwood forest which are not found anywhere around the world. Looking at the literacy rate of the country, 90% of the population is illiterate. Other than this, child mortality rate is highest and the life expectancy of the population is 5 years.Modern infrastructure is almost nonexistent exterior the capital of Loaning. Natural environment is almost unspoiled which is because economic developments did not happen in the past years (Farrell et. Al, 2011). As discussed, Loaning is one of the developing countries which have rhodium reserves under its surface. Talking about the Loaning, it is famous for his pastoral settings and the re are nomadic tribes who usually drive cattle and gain their living. One of the significant importance that this country has Is related to the Loaning monkeys who lives In the virgin hardwood rest which are not found anywhere around the world.Looking at the literacy rate of the country, 90% of the population Is Illiterate. Other than this, child mortality rate Is highest and the life expectancy of the population Is 45 years. Modern Infrastructure Is almost nonexistent exterior the capital of Loan. Natural environment Is almost unspoiled which is because economic developments did not happen in the past years (Farrell et. Al, 2011). As discussed, Loaning is one of the developing countries which have rhodium reserves under its surface. Talking about the Loaning, it is ammos for his pastoral settings and there are nomadic tribes who usually drive cattle and gain their living.One of the significant importance that this country has is related to the Loaning monkeys who lives in the virgi n hardwood forest which are not found anywhere around the world. Looking at the literacy rate of the country, 90% of the population Is illiterate. Other than this, child mortality rate is highest and the life expectancy of the population is 45 years. Modern Infrastructure is almost nonexistent exterior the capital of Loan. Natural environment Is almost unspoiled which Is cause economic developments did not happen In the past years (Farrell et. Al, 2011 ).As discussed, Loaning is one of the developing countries which have rhodium reserves under its surface. Talking about the Loaning, it is famous for his pastoral settings and there are nomadic tribes who usually drive cattle and gain their living. One of the significant importance that this country has is related to the Loaning monkeys who lives in the virgin hardwood forest which are not found anywhere around the world. Looking at the literacy rate of the country, 90% of the population is illiterate. Other than this, child mortality rate is highest and the life expectancy of the population is 45 years.Modern infrastructure is almost nonexistent exterior the capital of Loaning. Natural environment is almost unspoiled which is because economic developments did not happen In the past years (Farrell et. Al, 2011). As discussed, Loan Is one of the developing countries which have rhodium reserves under Its surface. Talking about the Loan, It Is famous for his pastoral settings and lives in the virgin hardwood forest which are not found anywhere around the world. Did not happen in the past years (Farrell et. L, 2011).As discussed, Loaning is one of this country has is related to the Loaning monkeys who lives in the virgin hardwood the country, 90% of the population is illiterate. Other than this, child mortality rate is highest and the life expectancy of the population is 45 years. Modern infrastructure is almost nonexistent exterior the capital of Loaning. Natural environment is almost years (Farrell et. Al, 2011). As discussed, Loaning is one of the developing countries the population is illiterate. Other than this, child mortality rate is highest and the life expectancy of the population is 45 years.Modern infrastructure is almost nonexistent exterior the capital of Loaning. Natural environment is almost unspoiled which is because economic developments did not happen in the past years (Farrell et. Al, 2011). As discussed, Loaning is one of the developing countries which have rhodium economic developments did not happen in the past years (Farrell et. Al, 2011). As discussed, Loaning is one of the developing countries which have rhodium reserves significant importance that this country has is related to the Loaning monkeys who did not happen in the past years (Farrell et. Al, 2011).

Christian liberty Essay

According to the page, Martin Luther’s argument revolves around two basic proposition of liberty. Which states that: â€Å"A Christian is a perfectly free lord of all, subject to none† (Luther). By this statement he meant that once a person is freed by Jesus Christ, there shouldn’t be any other thing that would have a true dominion on the person on earth. So if Jesus sets you free, indeed you are freed. He explained that man has two folds nature: the inner soul, the spiritual and the carnal, outward flesh. A Christian does not become righteous by doing anything that has to do with flesh but only by the faith in Jesus. Nothing on earth should have any influence on Christian liberty. The second principle was that a Christian â€Å"man is the most dutiful servant of all, and subject to everyone† (Luther). The two propositions appeared to be contradictory but Luther was able to explain further on both making it clear. He asserts that only one thing alone is necessary for a Christian liberty and that is the Gospel of Christ. He defines Christian liberty as the freedom from the law putting it that the law is not meant for a righteous man. It is the belief in Christ that brings peace and liberty. While Freedom of the soul and its justification comes by faith alone and not by work, he said â€Å"it is evident that by no outward work or labor can the inward man be at all justified, made free, and saved† (Luther). In conclusion, Freedom comes when one belief in the word of God, that is one’s soul get freed and one become saved. Whereas, one get liberty after one has believed wholeheartedly in the Gospel of Christ, it is the word of God that teaches liberty. The freedoms mentioned by Martin Luther all have an element in common: they are all divine freedoms from things of the world. In contrast, Christians should be voluntary servants to God and other men, motivated by love for God and the changes made by salvation. Reference Luther M, Concerning Christian Liberty. Retrieved May 09, 2010 From http://homepage. mac. com/shanerosenthal/reformationink/mlchrlib. htm

Controversy in Sport Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controversy in Sport Management - Assignment Example student has the skills to play for a team in division me then the student should receive a scholarship to go to that school free, or for however much the scholarship costs. The National College Athletic Association believes offering free scholarships is payment enough for the student athletes, and should suffice for the players offering their services to generate revenue for their school. The school provides free education to these student athletes and offers the first recruiting platform for professional sports like the National Football League (NFL) and National Basketball Association (NBA) (Hawkins, 2010). Even with all of this, there is no way the National College Athletic Association can put up a big fight contrary to paying its student athletes if football and basketball are the only sports played in college. Division I football and basketball produce most of the revenue numbers and are the only sports that are profitable. It is difficult to allow a football and basketball player to receive payment but it is tougher for all other sports; including division II and III to get on the pay list (Zimbalist, 2006). On the contrary, players have just as much reason to think they need payment. The National College Athletic Association division I football generates about 12 billion dollars internationally in a year. This is like taking the top films of the last 10 years, combining them, and not paying the movie stars even a single penny. The National College Athletic Association basketball March Madness competition makes $760 million (Hawkins, 2010). Most of the players argue that they are more than just student athletes are. Watch ESPN a television program on Tuesday night and one can see that a basketball team from California is playing in Florida. Hockey teams from Alaska travel to away events for two weekends in a row without resting. They depart on a Tuesday and return on a Sunday the following week. Travelling and playing makes these student athletes to miss

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Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example This paper outlines that social entrepreneurs are becoming more and more vocal in these organizations, and are used to strategize ways in which an organization may make a significant social impact in the market. Social entrepreneurship is involved in business strategies and management; it is aimed at making an impact in the society, as the organization strategizes in the market. In such cases, innovation is important in coming up with social related strategies, enabling an organization to have a positive social impact other than taking away from the community in which they operate through exploitation of resources. From this paper it is clear that innovation brings about better products to the market to benefit a society. Social entrepreneurs have to pinpoint problems in the society and come up with measures to solve such problems for the betterment of the society. For example, some pharmaceutical companies such as GlaxoSmithKline Company carry out massive studies in many societies, related to testing and innovating appropriate drugs. A social entrepreneur in such a company may come up with other projects such as provision of basic amenities to communities, examples being water, healthcare facilities or other facilities to benefit the entire society. Therefore, instead of the company being biased and benefiting from the society, such innovators are supposed to come up with ingenious projects to enhance a ‘payback’ culture to the same society; such actions have been used to strengthen the bond between the company and the society in which such a company operates.Many textile companie s are responsible for using toxic chemicals in cotton farming, and supplying the same to cotton farmers.  

Abstraction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abstraction - Essay Example The basic steps that are the most tiring and complex are cut out in a bid to focus on the final video. Abstraction is not limited only to professional producers; it also applicable to amateur videos that are used for class assignments and social sites. In using electrical appliances, we tend to ignore the details of how they work. In the kitchen, we overlook the basic working principle of the microwave and just punch in the period that we want. The way its circuit was manufactured or how the embedded computer works is not a critical issue for us. The way our mobile phones function is beyond our understanding, but we usually just use the simple commands that are in the manual. Our use of ATMs at the banks is mainly limited to withdrawals, inquiries and deposits. All the steps that take place systematically behind the system are not a concern to many users. Moreover, computers mainly incorporate abstraction in their design. The minute details are skipped, and the user usually focuses on the interface he/she is provided with. For the average individual, the operating mechanism of most electronics is beyond their comprehension. By ignoring the details of the process, I am able to solve a problem using an easier option. Rather than concentrating on the details, I am able to operate, say the microwave, without any complication. Without abstraction, I would need to understand all the information that the microwave contains, including its operating mechanisms. Moreover, abstraction eliminates the need to be aware of everything about the process. In using the ATM, I do not have to understand how the whole system operates, but just what I need exactly; be it depositing, withdrawing or statement inquiries. Knowing how the whole system works is a long and tiring process in which many people are not ready to engage. Abstraction removes the need to understand the system fully before using

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Paraphrasing - Essay Example It was used because in order to make a solution more concentrated, absorption of more light is required. In order to measure the calculations in the form of a graph, Beer-Lambert Law was used after having done with the calculations. To conduct the experiment, four test tubes were used to collect four standard samples of . The measurements of concentration of the test tubes were 0.05M, 0.1M, 0.2M and 0.5M respectively. Along with this, four additional samples were also used. The measurement of concentration was different in each of the additional samples. To start the process, 8mL of water was added to the 0.5M concentrated sample for the purpose of producing a 0.2M solute. After this, 10mL of water was added to the sample for the purpose of producing the 0.1M solvent. After these two steps, 10mL of water was also added to the sample to produce the 0.05M solvent. As the next step in the process, a test tube that had distilled water present in it was placed in the Spec 20. The wavelength was also adjusted to know whether there is any problem in it or not. In the Spec 20, a 0.05M sample of was placed with the purpose of knowing its level of concentration, as well as percent transmittance. The process was repeated four times for the self-made solutions, as well as for the standard solutions after writing down the calculations. It was also repeated again for the last time for the unknown solution. The tables 1 and 2 show the values that were recorded from the screen. Having done with this, a graph was also developed to show the calculated absorption and concentration values. It is important to mention that the graph was developed on excel and it depended on concentration vs. absorbance (Graph 1). Using the excel graph and the Beer-Lambert Law, the equation generated for the given points is as follows: Table 6 was drawn to reflect the difference between the absorbance rate of standard and self-made solutions. The formula used for calculation of the percent

Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Foreign Policy - Essay Example Either way, there is more to consider when gauging the situation in Iraq than casualties and tax dollars. In section VI Ignatieff addresses a major issue that has divided the nation internally and raised comparisons to Vietnam. Recruitment is down and it appears that the price to preserve and spread American ideals may be too high. (Ignatieff, 2005, Section VI, par. 5). Another view presented by journalist William Greider is that Iraq is already worse than Vietnam. He believes that "the war in Iraq is different from Vietnam in one fundamental respect: A substantial portion of Americans (and others around the world) were in the streets protesting this venture before the shooting startedvirtually every element of what has gone wrong in Iraq was cited by those demonstrators as among the reasons they opposed the march to war (Greider, 2004, par. 7). While Ignatieff may not full agree with such a statement, at the very least it outlines the foundation of realist sentiment. Thomas Jefferson is introduced as a fitting reference point for the reader. His questionable morals and apparent contradictions to American freedom reflect the current situation in the Middle East. It also quickly addresses the internal struggle of idealism versus realism that is threatening to further divide the nation (Ignatieff, 2005, Section IV, par. 5). Jefferson's idealism and his legacy present a problem on a global level and is one reason for the international dissention over the situation in Iraq. Also, this Jeffersonian idealism or more specifically, later President's striving to achieve it has made the situation in the Middle East volatile and has challenged the universal of acceptance of American democracy as ideal democracy. Ignatieff suggests that Iraq and the perceived democratization of the nation is an extension of Jeffersonian idealism. He further notes that Jefferson exemplifies the contradictions that continue to plague American freedom (Ignatieff, 2005, Section I, par. 3). One other point of interest is when Ignatieff states, that "until George W. Bush, no American President - not even Franklin Roosevelt or Woodrow Wilson - actually risked his presidency on the premise that Jefferson might be right" (Ignatieff, 2005, Section I, par. 4). Herein lies the crux of the article, are Jeffersonian ideals and American democracy at this point, the same thing Looking at the reaction of the Middle East, most of Europe and Canada, this seems doubtful. Over the past 60 years in the Middle East, America has consistently become close to tyrants in the region (Ignatieff, 2005, Section I, par. 6). This in turn has caused a certain degree of instability in the region and certainly does not embody the democratic vision of the founders of the United States. This threatens to further alienate America on an international level, which can be a problem. Also noted as a sign that American democracy may not be universal democracy, is that while other powerful nations have shifted left on the political spectrum, America has moved further right. This is shown by among other things a huge divide in rights for homosexuals, concern for healthcare and America's willingness to use God's will as motivating factor behind foreign policy (Ignatieff, 2005, Section III, par. 3). Overall, this article does an exceptional job of

The Effects of Police Morale in Chicago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Effects of Police Morale in Chicago - Essay Example Therefore, Police force is an indispensable part of modern society. The term police originated from the city states of Greek and Romans. Initially in 1825, Charles II introduced the watch and ward system in England. The modern police system was introduced by Sir Robert Peel in England. He preferred to call it as a kind of preventive police. The Chicago police department is the largest police agency in the region and the nation's second largest department, which traces its origin back to1828 when Chicago elected its first Constable and first Sheriff in 1831. These groups discharged their duties on part time basis and were not involved in formal patrolling. The citizens who were aggrieved by Criminal acts used to obtain warrants through judicial process and Constables and Sheriffs would execute Warrants, after obtaining the prescribed fee. A system of watching at night was introduced during 1839 to apprehend alleged criminals and bring them within the purview of law. In 1853, the Government introduced a Nine day police system for monitoring traffic affairs at depots and bridges. A City marshall was appointed on salary, instead of fees was empowered to supervise and coordinate the activities and duties of these police officers. The unlawful pandemonium and chaos created by criminal groups and malcontents, who were not happy to see the progress of society, and intend to wreck good people, tried to create social disorders, and this became a hazardous task for the Government to monitor and control. Nevertheless, in the early part of 20th Century itself, the police administrative set up was not well organized, and consequently a chaotic situation arose within the uniform wearing guardians of the law themselves. At the particular juncture, Chicago city also witnessed many reforms which resulted in unexpected problems. The uniform wearing community and law enforcement officers was basically human being like other citizens, and had similar emotional and human feelings like other members of the society. The police people like other human beings, were made of flesh, blood and bones. They are also susceptible to the change factors in their routines and habits, either positively or negatively. When it appears in the form of negative form, it culminates in self inflicted death, or so called suicide. The terms suicide is a union of two Latin words sui and cide in which sui means self and cide means kill. This is one and only one kind of offense, the attempt to commit of which is a cognizable offense and punishable by law, while the actual successful commission is not. When problems and challenges posed to human beings rise to such an extend that he/she is not able to contain them, or not able to overcome them, they take a heavy toll on the minds and physique of human beings, and the state of no return is reached. At this stage the victim feels that his living is worthless, and a burden to himself/herself, or society and he/she then seriously contemplates suicide or ending

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business plan - Essay Example (Deitel, et al, 2004, 15) However, as mentioned earlier, the development in the eyes of the ones who are in charge of the enhancement of the operating systems is never ending. Hence, although there were already some great achievements in terms of the developed operating systems, things got better each time there are new innovations introduced (Warford, 2005, 41). Most of the sectors of the entire society actually depended on technology ever since the time it was first introduced to the human civilization. It could not be denied then that among the said sectors are business entities. In this particular discussion, an outlined plan as to how information technology could be successfully utilized to create an efficient IS operation to support an organization that has employees who are working home based established to work for at least three months time. The development of different operating systems that actually perform the tasks needed in business, from the most basic calculating procedures toward the complicated procedures of accounting and systematic planning of business transactions, the computer technology or most likely known as Information technology have actually been the main source of successful trade and exchange transactions in the business industry. Although the past have already placed a strong impact on how the people viewed business operations done through the Internet, several business enthusiasts never ceased finding ways by which they would be able to attain success within the said industry. Many among the business owners around the world still believe in the benefits that investing in online business ventures would naturally bring their organizations. As for a fact, the said situation is quickly becoming a trend both among organizations that are already established and the business and even those business entities that are just starting to join the said competitive industry. Most of the benefits that the said system of business

Confucianism and Daoism Essay Example for Free

Confucianism and Daoism Essay The idea of the religion of Confucianism was developed by the Chinese philosopher Confucius. The idea of Confucianism is teaching a person to be able to have the power to make the most logical decisions on their own. It teaches its followers a greater meaning for life which then helps them to better understand death. As a religion it is a different kind of religion. It is taught to followers that there should be harmony between the ancestors, humanity and Heaven, and the secular and the sacred. For me, the idea of Daoism is much easier to understand. A way to explain Daoism is fallowing the way. The way is actually translated into the idea of Dao. Fallowing the way is just letting go and letting the force take over and control what needs to be done. In class we related the way of the Dao to Star Wars when Luke lets all technology go and lets the force take control of his actions and comes out successful. Trusting the way is trusting that the world will not lead you down the wrong path. One way that the traditions of the two religions are similar is that they both show great respect for their elders and believe that they are able to help out in their future. Both religions spend time worshiping the deceased because they believe that when they die they will be able to help them in their later lives. Both religions also have their own view of behavior and how people should be conducted. Being this way people of both religions both believe that they can co exist in peace. One major difference of the two religions is how Confucius believed that humans are naturally social beings and our abilities to be good people is naturally imbedded within us. He believed that everyone could exist in harmony if they all allowed themselves to. He believed that men who were superior to other men were able to conform to what society expected of them. Daoism has the idea that living in harmony come far less naturally than it does in Confucianism. Daoism puts much more importance on the relationship with oneself than it does with others. Another way they are different is the way they are passed down and the traditions are told to one another. Confucianism is passed down and taught through the texts of Confucius’ texts are mostly sessions between him and his students while Daoism texts are mostly writings from its creator. One thing that both religions have in common is that they believe in improvement of self. Confucianism believes that in order to live in harmony you have to be at harmony with yourself and they believe that conforming yourself to be the way that society wants you to is the best for yourself. Daoism believes that trusting the way will guide you in the right direction. By letting it take control you will be able to do make all the decisions that you are supposed to. Callie Rogus Intro to World Religions 10/19/2011.

The Early Years Foundation Stage Children And Young People Essay

The Early Years Foundation Stage Children And Young People Essay Introduction The portfolio is a planning file which contains three detailed assessments of childrens learning. The assessments will be conducted on three different children; each assessment will cover all seven areas of learning. Firstly, the writer will describe the setting, and then the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) 2012, that requires schools to work in partnership with parents. This will be a part of the on-going observation and assessment process. By observation, assessment and planning the system will be effective particularly when these elements come together as a cycle. According to Macleod and Kay (2008) all planning starts with observing children in order to understand and consider their current interests, development and learning. By observing children, teachers understand their needs, what they are interested in and what they can do. Secondly, there will be an analysis of the role of observation and assessment in planning that will highlight the three childrens achievements or their need for further support. This will start with Child A, followed by Child B and lastly Child C who are aged 4-5 years. Observation, assessment and planning will flow into one another. Finally, the writer of this profile will discuss developmental assessment, what it is and how it is used in the setting for each of the children. This all will result in summarising how the planning/observation cycle has enabled progress in the learning of Children A, B and C. The Setting The primary school itself is a four storey Victorian building. The rooms are spacious and very well resourced. They have a dedicated early years centre, music and performing arts suite and a computer suite as well as computers in every classroom. There are three outdoor play areas for the children including a wildlife garden, two quiet gardens and games areas. The school is in Central London, surrounded by world class learning institutions and opportunities, which act daily as extended classrooms. It works in close partnership with parents and carers to encourage them to be involved in their childrens education. As well as valuing their parents and carers, they are always welcome in school. The primary school is a multi-cultural environment but the majority of children are Bengali. The school runs from Nursery to Year Six with the capacity for over 400 children aged between three to twelve years. There are 39 children in reception aged between 4-5 years and this is where the three children are observed. It is formed by having two groups: one called Lady Birds and the other Grasshoppers, the teachers both work in tandem with one another to plan the childrens curriculum. Both of the groups have one main teacher with a teaching assistant. The Lady Birds has 19 children, 10 boys and 9 girls. The Grasshoppers has 11 girls and 9 boys. As this is a primary school all children are expected to attend as childrens attainment and achievement is directly linked to high school attendance (Ref?).   School starts at 9 oclock. Children are expected to attain a minimum of 95% attendance. All classes compete for an attendance award each week and a cup each term. The Equality Act 2010 was introduced to ensure protection from discrimination, harassment and victimisation on the grounds of specific characteristics (referred to as protected characteristics). This means that the setting cannot discriminate against pupils or treat them less favourably because of their gender, race, disability, religion or belief. (The Act also covers discrimination relating to gender reassignment, sexual orientation or pregnancy or maternity which perhaps has less relevance for young children). Early Years Foundation Stage EYFS 2012 is a legal framework that sets the standards for all the providers for early years to certify that children learn and develop as well as maintained in a healthy and secure manor. It encourages teaching and learning and ensures that they are well equipped with a range of knowledge and skills. In addition this will help them build the basis of their learning and aid them to progress through education and life. The school wants the children to develop independence and to co-operate with others and to talk and communicate in a range of situations. The opportunities for learning are provided through a planned and balanced adult-led and child-initiated curriculum. To enable children to develop positive self-esteem and attitude, learning takes place both indoors and outdoors. It is expected that suitable clothing and footwear are worn to school so that children can benefit from the experiences provided in all weathers. All early years providers follow the EYFS (2012) ensuring that every child is encouraged to learn through play. History In September 2008 the EYFS framework becomes statutory for all early years care and education providers in Ofsted registered settings attended by children from birth to five years of age. It created a framework that replaces the three previous early years documents Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage, Birth to Three Matters and National Standards for Under 8s Day-care and Child-minding. However On the 27th March 2012 a revised version of the EYFS framework was established which then followed the execution from the 1 September 2012. This covers a vital part of the Governments wider vision for families in the foundation years. It shows the emphasis of supporting children by removing professionals from bureaucracy. Together with a more flexible, free early education entitlement and new streamlined inspection arrangements, this was the birth of EYFS 2012. In addition the Early Education (2012) is also pleased to launch Development Matters in the Early Years Foundation Stage, new non-statutory guidance produced by Early Education with support from the Department for Education that supports all those working in early childhood education.    The role of observation and assessment in planning for childrens learning Children are observed to assess developmental progress. Observation takes place primarily through childrens normal daily activities, their use of language, social interactions with others and work samples that demonstrate learning. In a sense, observation can have different meanings and imply different degrees of involvement to many practitioners. But in this case, the term observation according to Wadsworth, (1983) is the act of looking at something, without influencing it and recording the scene or action for later analysis (Also see Appendix 3A). The four key ideas of observation involve regular intentional watching of children in a wide variety of circumstances that are representative of their behaviours and skills demonstrated over time. Secondly, a daily observation would be an on-going one involving classroom/home performances and typical activities of the child leading to the collection of a wealth of reliable information. The third key idea of observation relates to demonstrated performance during real activities, not actions that are contrived or unnatural. Finally, as a practitioner the writer would need a solid understating of the meaning and purpose of observation and should have practice recording childrens behaviours and skills every day. According to Bruce (2006), we observe in order to improve our teaching, construct theory, help parents, use an assessment tool, wonder why and solve a problem and communicate with children. The different types of observation include narrative where the observer makes records that keep track of everything that happens in a specified time period. The writer finds this most valuable, but also the most difficult because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Secondly, the observer can use time samples where the method used is to count the number of behaviours occurring at uniform timed intervals. There are also event samples where the observer records a specific behaviour only when it occurs. Finally, there are teacher-designed instruments, like checklists, rating scales and shadow studies. When assessing a plan, evaluation would be key, according to ________ (year), who goes on to say that in education practitioners evaluate for curriculum, materials and equipment, the environment, childrens behaviour and teachers effectiveness. As the writer is a practitioner he can reflect that when he evaluates, it provides information by which to rate performance, define areas of difficulty, and look for possible solutions, as well as goal setting, monitoring growth and progress, and planning. ___________ (year) suggests good evaluations include selecting what will be evaluated, having a clear purpose and stating goals clearly, and so forth. But ___________(year) expresses concern about evaluations making unfair comparison, placing overemphasis on norms and interpretations, and so forth. However, although both theorists might make a justified point, the current writer agrees that evaluation is a broad concept which can be an informal process but is often times confused with more formal testing and measurements. Through evaluation, teachers link specific goals to larger, more encompassing objectives that focus on the relationship between teaching in the classroom and the overriding educational objectives. The writer also understands that observation is a natural process in which all practitioners participate all the time. They look at and listen to children. However the disadvantage and a major problem with observation, according to Wadsworth, (1983) is the fact that an observer is also a learner. Observers, like their subjects, have feelings, aspirations, fears, biases, and prejudices. Any one of these can influence and distort that which is being observed. He goes on to say that, an observer watches a group of children at play. One child turns to another and strikes him on the arm. The observer jots down hostility. The event was one child strikes another. The observer interpreted the act to be one of hostility. Wadsworth (1983) explains that when an observer thus infers motive to observed action, he/she adds something of him/herself to the data. Such data may be distorted and therefore invalid and unreliable. In the early years setting there are seven areas of learning and development which are labelled into two. The first is the three prime areas which are Communication and Language (CL); Physical Development (PD); and Personal, Social and Emotional Development (PSED) Secondly, the four Specific Areas, through which the three Prime Areas are strengthened and applied, are Literacy (L); Mathematics (M); Understanding the World (UW); and Expressive Arts and Design (EAD). Macleod and Kay (2008), mention that all areas of learning and development are important and inter-connected. The Three Prime Areas are particularly crucial for igniting childrens curiosity and enthusiasm for learning, and for building their capacity to learn, form relationships and thrive. The writers school Developmental Assessment follows the EYFS (2012) review. They consider the assessment pyramid. The pyramid demonstrates that there is a large amount of information collected about each child and attempts to define some of these data sets. This pyramid also attempts to demonstrate that there is a link between formative assessment and planning. The pyramid shows that the end result of summative assessment of the data collected is the end product and that the progress of the child remains as the main focus of the process (EYFS 2012). The Statutory framework for the EYFS mentions the responsibility for assessment and day to day practice like the planning cycle. This lies with teachers who observe, assess, plan and do these again and again. Development Matters (2012) is also used as part of observation, assessment and planning. It is used at points during the EYFS (2012) as a guide to making best-fit summative judgements, with parents and colleagues across agencies, about whether a child is showing typical development, may be at risk of delay or is ahead for their age. Appendix 1A shows the Plan in the settings of EYFS Medium Term Planning for Children A, B and C; it displays the seven stages as mentioned before. The main focus and theme is traditional tales. (See Appendix 1A underlined in pink) It also gives objectivess and early learning goals; these are under the seven areas of development and the ones that are highlighted in yellow are the ones Child A, B and C had completed; at the bottom are the Characteristics of Effective Learning like assessment, environment/resources and stories. (See Appendix 1A) Appendix 2A shows the Assessment and Evaluation of the weekly planning for Child A, B and C. and gives the childrens interest, needs and schemas. It also gives the children seven areas as well as the next steps to be taken for Child A, B and C; finally it gives the childrens experiences. (See Appendix 2A) Appendix 3A shows the weekly Environment Plan for Reception giving time to include the activities with the theme set. (See Appendix 3A) Appendix 4A is the characteristics of effective learning process over outcome. This is to give practitioners and teachers ideas and encourage the keeping in mind of these thoughts when interacting with children. (See Appendix 4A) Observation of children A, B, and C Based on the three assessments above the writer observed each child engaged in activity/exp. The framework which the school uses is the Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum (2012). The activities they provide cover the seven areas of learning for Child A, B and C. It will help them to plan how best to support young childrens learning and development and share information and ideas with parents and carers. Assessment and Evaluation Observationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Aresa Prim and Specify à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Weekly Environment Plan for Reception Observationssà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Areas working together Good assessment and planning show that all staff participate together as a team for the good of the children giving the children the best start in life with the parents at the heart of their childs planning and learning. In order to provide an appropriate curriculum, it is required that individuals working with young children learn about the individual childs needs, as well as the needs of the group (Peck et al, 1993). Assessment should be an on-going process, be made both formally and informally, and incorporate a variety of methods. Assessment should include the use of input (Peck et al, 1999) As a practitioner working with young children the writer should acknowledge the importance of consistently updating assessment information and using that information in planning and developing programmes and intervention strategies. The children who were observed are constantly growing, developing new skills, and sometimes developing new concerns and difficulties; it is recognised by the setting that the importance of collecting data on a childs progress is less important than determining how to address their needs. Conclusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In conclusion, at the school attendee by Child A, B and C curriculum goals would seem to be realistic and attainable for most children and assessing of individual childrens development is appropriate for the curriculum. The literature relating to early learning suggests that assessment and curriculum should be integrated, with teachers continually engaging in observation for the purpose of improving teaching and learning. This seems to be the case at the school in question and the planning/observation cycle has enabled progress in Child A, B and Cs learning. Appendix One Permission slip The father to Child A gives permission concerning Abdul to take pictures, drawing and any other effects to help him to complete his task. I also give him permission to look at my childs profile or anything related that he might need to use. Parent ______________ Abdul Ali The mother to Child B gives permission concerning Abdul to take pictures, drawing and any other effects to help her to complete his task. I also give him permission to look at my childs profile or anything related that he might need to use. Parent ______________ Abdul Ali The father to Child C gives permission concerning Abdul to take pictures, drawing and any other effects to help him to complete his task. I also give him permission to look at my childs profile or anything related that he might need to use. Parent ______________ Abdul Ali - I __________ Mentor for Abdul at the school, give him the permission to take a serious of observation on Child A, B and C to complete his task. Teacher ____________ Abdul Ali Appendix 1A Early Years Foundation Stage Medium Term Planning for Reception Appendix 2A Assessment and Evaluation Appendix 3A Weekly Environment Plan for Reception

Advantages of Business Strategies

Advantages of Business Strategies Strategy is the direction an scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging business environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Business strategy: Business strategy is the only driving force behind any successful business since it builds the foundation for the same. The business strategy is not just a statement of intent or a mere speech. Their scope is not just limited to the management. There are different strategies as per the business and the best one among them must be chosen which can fulfil the needs of the organisation and emends of a rapidly changing world for revolutionary business strategies. It must also be able to handle the internal pressure of the organisation when the plan is being executed. How can the business perform better than the competition in those markets? (Advantage) What external, environmental factors affect the businesses ability to compete? (Environment) Where is the business trying to get to in the long-term (direction?) What resources (skills, assets, finance, relationships, technical competence, and facilities) are required in order to be able to compete? (Resources) Which markets should a business compete in and what kind of activities is involved in such markets? (Markets; scope) Strategy at Different Levels of a Business? What are the values and expectations of those who have power in and around the business? (Stakeholders) Definition of business environment: Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/what_is_strategy.htm Why study the business environment: In each and every organisation there is some relation with business environment, each and every type of business is surrounded with environment directly or indirectly. Business environment is surrounding with its customers and stakeholders and it have of political as well as legal forces this all together makes business environment, in order to achieve profit and also to fulfil the stakeholder expectation a business has to change its environment as per market need. The organisation which understood the business environment and make necessary changes according to the environment succeed in business in terms of profit and needs of stake holders. On the hand the business which does not changes according to the environment leads to failure of the business, so for each and every organisation business environment, Is really important. Different level of business strategy: In each and every organisation strategy is used at different levels of company among them the following is the modern levels strategy is being employed by organisatation. Corporate strategy: This strategy is considered and completely influence by stakeholder needs. At this level fundamental decision about future direction of an organisation with the purpose to fulfil the needs of stakeholders at this level strategy is done by considering the stakeholders because they are the only one who invest in the organisation so the corporate strategy is or related stakeholder expectations Business unit strategy: This levels of strategy is completely focused on how a business competes in a particular targeted market, it concerns strategic decision in relation to product, meeting needs of the customers , taking benefit over competitor and employing strategy related to business operation and creating new opportunities for business. This is the only level which directly influences with the customers in respect to corporate strategy. Operational strategy: This level f organisation is concerned with how every part of the business is organized to fulfil the needs of corporate and business unit level strategy direction. Its major focuses on the issues related to recourses and processes. this level is also employing strategy related to people and surrounding of business. Key elements of marketing strategic decision Main body: In each and every organisation Business environment have existence by knowingly or unknowingly because it cannot exist without an environment. The process of strategy management is basically divided into two major environment and they are Microenvironment and Macro-environment. In the challenging business environment this are two main aspect that influences each and every businesses which are also known as inner environment (micro environment) which have direct effect or relation with the business for example: customer. And outer environments (macro environment) which have indirect effect on the business for example: political factor. There is an very clear indication that influences of environment or speeding up in the market so the organisation have to take it seriously consideration as the company who had taken its seriously had succeeded in the market and the organisation ignored its had failed in the market, both the major type and its factor of influences are briefly described as under. Macro environment (Outer environment): The political environment: Politicians have instrumental in shaping general nature of external environment and being responsible for the legalization of rules and regulation that affects specific type of organisation, at very general level the stability of political system affects the business and strategy so the organisation has to change its strategy according to the legal matters otherwise it can indirectly affects the business and its activities The social and culture environment: The organisation is also being affected by its social and culture environment as the generation are also changing so the business environment has to be change according to the changing social needs, it is crucial for the business to fully appreciate the culture values of the society because if a business is doing its business in another country which is quite different from its own than there the attitude towards the product is different as compare to its own country, so for an organisation it is really important to consider the social and culture environment of the country where its doing business. The demographic environment: As population is growing day by day the size and the age is also going so in respect to this demographic environment changes the organisation has to change its strategy towards the stocks and prediction of the market because most organisation are dealing with the product which they have to keep ready in advance by predicting the future of sales The technology environment: As this is new era of business so the organisation have to overcome with new and latest technology because in this environment as technology is outdated the product is out of the market, so the organisation has update its technology within a time period, because once thrown out of the market and to get again the same position in the market it take a long time so this environments is really important and being speedily changes. Economic: Business and Economy are highly inter related. Businesses cannot be successful in an economy on decline and if businesses are not doing well it is highly unlikely for the economy to boom. For ex Lehman brothers, this was the fast company to get doomed because of economic crisis. Legal: Legality means doing whatever the law permits. Same applies for business also. Business strategies and operations are permissible as long as they are legal. Business needs to function within the legislative limits. Business not only needs to comply with the existing legislations but also the changes in them. (strategy management peter Fitzroy/James Hulbert) Micro environment (Inner environment) Employees: In running each and every organisation employees are must to carry out day to day business activities and they are the one who deals with other parties of the business on behalf of the business as they are having direct effect to the business they falls under microenvironment Customers: Customer are a crucial part of an organisation in microenvironment its really simple no customer means no business. An organisation should be seriously consider about the changing requirement of the customer, because in challenging business environment everybody are targeting the customer so this factor of micro environment is really important for each and every organisation Supplier: The supplier provides an organisation with goods and services than is being transformed by the organisation and by adding value to it than further sold to its customer this factor of microenvironment is also important because if there is not proper supply and there is no product and in challenging business environment the product service should be fast as well as quick Competitor: In challenging business environment there is high rate of competition in the market so its very important to keep updating the strategy of the competitor and try to understand their strategy like their future moves their future product this is also an important microenvironment in such a challenging business environment. Financial organization: This financial environment is consist of both shareholder and the investor which support the organisation and they are timely being reassured about the achievement of goals both short and long term because if they dont trust the company than they might take their investment back from the organisation and which effects the a lot to the business. The government: The demands of government agencies are also consider of microenvironment commercial organisation provides government with taxation and revenue so the organisation has to in touch with the government policy in relation to their tax and regulation and can make their strategy according to the changes of the regulation so the organisation has to take careful consideration of this environment also Internal environment: Internal environment is very important part of any business environment and include finance, marketing, production, personnel and RD. These elements are considered to be within the organisation. The most important job of an internal environment is developing strategies for an organisation management process. Is also focuses on the point that the organisation should always have a well trained staff to do a right job at the right time since they are the biggest asset of any organisation and also they are directly related to most important thing of any business i.e. customers. It also focuses on the point that business strategies should always change with the changing need of the customers. Critical Evaluation SWOT ANAYSIS: How NOKIA uses SWOT analysis to determine internal factors and external factors. Strengths: (INTERNAL) The largest cell phone vendor by far, with almost doubles the market share of nearest competitor. The product being user friendly and have all the accessories one want that is why is in great demand making it No-1 selling mobile phones in the world. One of the top 20 brands in the world The re-sell value of Nokia phones are high compared to other companys product Weakness: (INTERNAL) The price of the mobile phones offered by the company. The service centers in India are very few as compared to the number of users and therefore after sales service are not good. Slow to adopt new ways of thinking . Opportunities: (EXTERNAL) Telecommunication growth in India being at the peak time, Nokia has an opportunity to increase its sales as well as the market share. Make a significant position in the cdma market. New growth markets where cell phone adoption still to come. Threats: (EXTERNAL) The threats like emerging of other big mobile companies such as Motorola, Sony Eriksson, etc in the market. The growing demand of WLL network Late in the entry of 3G market. How Acer uses Porters 5 Forces as an analytical tool to determine strategy and success over its competitors Threat of substitutes: Acer face that from rival dell who can provide the same goods and value and sell at a much lesser price, as there is a threat from consumer to switch to alternatives, this could force Acer to reduce its product price and income to struggle with other markers Bargaining power of suppliers: The exact for suppliers to retailers is that is they pay a helpful price for its supplies, and would not sell to retailers if the price quoted was not paid, then the suppliers would not sell its goods of them. Since Acer having a market share from other company as well as small shop keepers, has an advantage to dictate the price the suppliers will be paid for their goods, thus if supplier do not tend to decrease price, it is clear that they would be left with a smaller market share to sell their product. Power of consumers: Due to a large competition in the electronic market industry, it has forced markets to switch to low product cost in order to attract more buyers, thus more power favoritism the buyers, in order to achieve more customers and trade with struggle is more victorious to customer preservation, and has also led to increase in profits. And customer wants lower price and service, better choices. Threat to new entrants: Due to high market share of company like Acer, Dell, Sony which has to led to barriers for new markets to enter competition, since most of these markets lower prices of their goods in order to win a better client care, pays a much lesser which would buy less goods at a better rate. Thus Acer also has an upper hand on economies of scale How Mc Donalds uses PESTEL as a strategy to overcome challenges and gain advantages over its competitors. Political: All the international operations of Mc Donalds are as per the policies enforced by the individual governments. On the other hand, the company is controlled by the individual policies and regulations of operations. like any business venture, these McDonalds stores have to contend with the issues of employment procedures as well as their tax obligations so as to succeed in the foreign market. Economical: Food chains like Mc Donalds do have their individual concerns involving economic factors. Their Branches and franchises have the tendency to experience hardship in instances where the economy of the respective states is hit by inflation and changes in the exchange rates. Their problem depends on the response of the consumers on these fundamentals and how it could influence their general sales. Exchange rate fluctuations also play a significant role in the operations of the company. The companies also have to consider the economic standing of the state on which they operate on. Socio-Cultural: The organisation improves on establishing a positive mind-set from their core consumers. McDonalds indulge a particular variety of consumers with definite types of personalities. In 2005 McDonalds has launched a sensibly valued set of food that tenders a reliable level of quality for the respective market where it operates. Technical: McDonalds generates a demand for their own products. The companys key tool for marketing is by means of television advertisements. The companys marketing is also done through toys and play spots. The operations of McDonalds have significantly been infused with new technology. Elements like the inventory system and the management of the value chain of the company allows for easy payments for their suppliers. The integration of technology in the operations of McDonalds tend to add value to their products. Legal: The reputation of McDonalds is apparently a huge matter and with the opposition to the fast food industry Mc Donalds apply a more consideration on their corporate social responsibilities. The company has provided their customers the relevant data that they need with reference to the nutritional substances of their products. This is to attend to the arguments of obesity charged against the products of the company. Environment: Mc Donalds employ of non-biodegradable substances for their drinks glasses and Styrofoam coffers for the meals. The social responsibilities of McDonalds on the state are influential to the operations of the company. These entail accusations of environmental damage. (http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/pestle-analysis-of-mcdonalds.html) Ethics: Strategic management must also ensure ethical values i.e. personal values and fairness. Many of the organisations around the world are not following this and hence they have to face the problem in the future. A commitment to transparency is necessary with greater communication and sharing of information within the firm. Strategic management is also about meeting the share holders expectation and capturing the full potential of the firm. It also takes into consideration the future perspective of the strategy. It also includes an alternative if in case the plan does not work. In short Strategic management is not an easy task if properly implemented. .(strategy management peter Fitzroy/James Hulbert) STAKEHOLDERS AND ORGANIZATIONAL VALUE: 1. Shareholders: They are one of the important factors in micro-environment because they all the one who had given capital in the company so in order to make their expectation the stakeholders are being received by the short term and long term goal in challenging business environment they are one of the important factors of environment. Conclusion and Recommendation: A sound corporate strategy is the best way to ensure for the organization to create value for stakeholders and to unify the business activities to meet the organizational objective. Successful companies have gone through successive incremental strategic changes that were appropriate at the time. Thus it is imperative that trade-offs are essential to any successful strategic decisions. Most companies owe their success to the unique strategic position derived from strategic management of behavior, operation and critical rationally scanning of the business environment. It enables the company to take assessment of the current position, analyze and prepare for the future. Strategy provides a structure for decision making and enables organizations meet the requirement of the stakeholders by pattern of the available resources. Use of Strategic Analytical tools like few discussed above empower organizations to take picture of their current place and optimize their resources to achieve competitive position. Businesses cannot afford to overlook their environment. All its income, opportunities, perspective, problems are factors of its environment. Strategy cannot be formulated with taking into account environmental influences. positive monitoring of the environment and incorporating the environmental trends provides the frame for optimizing opportunities and configuration of resources to achieve the business objective. References: Richard lunch, corporate strategy4th edition, Pearson education ltd.Page no. 2-5. Peter Fitzry, strategy management, John wiley sons ltd. page no.40-50 http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/pestle-analysis-of-mcdonalds.html Adrian palmer Bob Hartley, The Business environment fifth edition, published by Mc-Graw-Hill Education. Johnson. G, Scholes. K, and Whittington. R. (2008).Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th ed. London: Prentice Hall. pg7. Lynch, R. (2009), Strategic Management, 5th ed. London, FT Prentice Hall.

Images Of Control Propaganda Essay -- essays research papers fc

One of the greatest revolutions in the twentieth century was not political in nature. It however aided in many different political revolutions. This revolution was the communications revolution. The twentieth century has experienced one of the greatest changes in mean of communication including technologies such as radio, television, motion pictures, advanced telecommunications and the Internet. These technologies have been used to fulfill the purposes of many. Some who wished to use this technology to influence other people. A term commonly used to describe the use of media to convince or persuade other people of a certain idea or cause is propaganda. Political leaders often use techniques of propaganda, as the goal of politicians is to convince people that their ideas supercede those of others. Two examples of propaganda being used extensively during the twentieth century is by the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) in Germany from 1933 – 1945 and by the Communis t government led by Josef Stalin in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1929 – 1953. In examining these two states and their use of propaganda, it can be seen that although both state had radically different ideologies, certain trends in their use of propaganda can be found to be in common. These primarily being: the glorification of individuals or groups as heroes, the glorification of the leader of the state, and the dehumanizing of the state’s enemies. After Adolf Hitler was proclaimed Chancellor of Germany in 1933 he started to establish a Nazi government. It became immediately apparent that the new government would have to get the people’s unquestioned support. Although the Nazi party had been relatively popular before Hitler became Chancellor, there was still opposition to be found in some people. One tactic that was used by the Nazi propagandists was to use a hero to symbolize all that could be accomplished under the new National Socialist government. A hero is also useful to rally the people behind something that they can relate to and have sympathy for. The obvious example of this is the Nazi glorification of Horst Wessel. Considered a Nazi martyr, he was in reality murdered and was not really a hero at all. He was however used by Nazi Propaganda minister Goebbels to be seen as a National Socialist hero who was murdered by Communists (Welch, 1983, p. 75). Horst Wes... ...es from both nations can reveal certain common themes including the glorification of heroes, an all-powerful leader and the degradation of the nation’s enemies. It can be concluded that since two separate nations used the same themes and media that there must have been some degree of success. As one looks back at these two regimes one may wonder how people could have supported these radical and often horrific forms of government. Propaganda is defiantly one of many answers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Bonnel, Victoria E. Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin Berkeley:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University of California Press, 1997. Britain Alone. Videotape. London: BBC TV [1980]. 20min. Hitler, Adolf and Anton Drexler Programme of the NSDAP, 24 February 1920, 1999, Hiter Historical  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Museum, Retrieved 07 Nov. 1999. Maltin, Leonard â€Å"Triumph of the Will† Leonard Maltin’s Movie and Video Guide 1995 [CD-ROM]. Dutton Signet, 1994. Triumph Des Willens. Dir. Leni Riefenstahl Berlin: NSDAP – Reichspropaganda Abteilund, 1934 Welch, David Propaganda and the German Cinema: 1933 – 1945 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983

The Future of Television and Technology :: Film Television Technology

With the development of digital technologies the future of television lies with Satellite or Cable Broadcasting. The era of Terrestrial Broadcasting is now over. In my life, I have only witnessed first hand, the effects of media and its development since about 1995, as this is the earliest I can remember. However, my huge interest in the subject has lead me to broaden my knowledge over the way media had developed in the 1980's and even earlier. I believe that what I have witnesses is in fact the most important time period in the media development timeline so far.

Enrolment System of Psu – Lingayen

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Study Computers are almost indispensable to most industries especially if it deals with voluminous records. Hence, in most academic institutions, the use of computers is an immense help in managing records and files. With the volume of files such as those from students’ records, finances, inventories, and others needed for its operation , the use of computer has made tasks simpler, faster and more efficient. Although most schools here in the Philippines have their computers, its functions are not fully maximized. Many still rely on the manual system of storing and retrieving files, thus in turn, make work laborious, time consuming, less efficient and requiring more manpower. The Pangasinan State University- Lingayen Campus currently uses the manual system of enrollment. For years, this system has been employed and has indeed been a tedious process on the part of the students as well as the staff in charged of enrollment. This entails the long process of filling up forms in three copies (student copy, accounts copy and registrar’s copy), class scheduling, assessment of fees, and issuance of student records. The continued adoption of this usual manual enrollment system has caused numerous errors, unnecessary delays, and has ultimately made the entire enrollment system a slow process to contend considering the influx of students each year. The design, development and implementation of EnrollmentAutomate: Pangasinan State University Computerized Enrollment System is introduced to address this long-standing slow process of enrollment. 2. Objectives of the Study This project study aims to design, develop and implement EnrollmentAutomate: Pangasinan State University Lingayen Campus Computerized Enrollment System. Specifically, the following statements will determine and describe: 1) the processes involved in the present system; 2) the situation regarded as unwelcome and needing to be dealt with and overcome; 3) a computerized solution to improve the current situation, taking into the account the task, purpose or specific activities as claimed by (a) registrar; (b) department heads; (c) campus executive officer. 3. Scopes and Delimitation The EnrollmentAutomate will be used by the Departments heads or the officer – in – charge for registration or assessing students during the enrollment period. It includes the enrolling of students, browsing of offered subjects, viewing the schedule and printing of the registration form where enrollment fees are included. In addition, some features which allows student to scan registration form, students enrolled, offered subject, schedule viewer, printing queue are included. 4. Significance of the Study The EnrollmentAutomate will give the Pangasinan State University-Lingayen Campus a better and well-organized flow of enrollment system. It will also make the work of the personnel in charge easy, fast, reliable cost and time efficient. Personnel. An increase productivity and minimized workload to be able to meet the other needs of the students. Students. An assurance for fast and accurate services provided by the university. 5. Definition of Terms Automate. It refers to the process of using technology to execute a task with less human action. Campus Executive Officer or Department Head. This is the person responsible for the admission of new enrollees, transferees, shifters and second – course enrollees. Enrollment. This refers to an act of recording the person’s information to the official record of Pangasinan State University. EnrollmentAutomate. It refers to the proposed computerized enrollment system for Pangasinan State University Lingayen Campus. Information. This refers to the collection of related data. Technology. It refers to the tools, machines, and instrument that can help people execute their task efficiently and effectively. CHAPTER II REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE A. Related literature Nowadays the computer is one of the most efficient IT machines being used in every schools, offices, factories, and even households that society need to make work easier and faster. In a manual system, records are filed with the aid of folders and envelopes and are stored in cabinets; whereas computer-base system deals with databases and database technology. Database is helpful in providing resources and ideas as an accurate basis of information regarding a problem. In school, it plays a vital role in student registration, class scheduling, and assessment of fees. Student registration is the first laborious task in the enrollment system. Using database will lessen the time of work for students and hasten the work of personnel-in-charge. Class Scheduling is a difficult task for the personnel, however, with the use of database time consumed to organize scheduling is minimized. Important functions of the database system include the ability to locate and access any item in the database, to sort the data records into a desired order, and to link database files. The database approach is designed to overcome many of the disadvantages of file processing system. Databases are designed from an organization-wide viewpoint to minimize data redundancy. Databases are managed by a commercial system called the Database Management System (DBMS) MySQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard data definition and manipulation language for relational databases. A popular command driven interface that allows users to access data from a database by using designated keywords and attribute names. B. Related Studies There are number of previous studies which are related to the study being conducted and one of them was designed for Pangasinan National High School (PNHS) an automated Student Enrollment System developed by July P. Dela Cruz et. al which provides efficient and maintainable system for enrollment. The PSU-Open University System’s Registration and Assessment System (PSU-OUS RAS), which was designed in Visual Basic 6. 0, was used to retrieve and update the information and reports regarding registration and assessment. The system was developed by Johnabel Calixtro et. al on March 2006. The San Fabian National High School Information System developed by Jennilyn C. de Luna et. al on March 2006 and was designed using Visual Basic Programming Language. The system aimed to help the school clerk in storing student and personnel records to lessen the difficulties in searching, viewing, processing of records and regenerating reports. The Polong National High School and Faculty Information System by Canave, Deo et. al was designed to automate and eliminate the manual way of filing records as well as preparing and generating accurate reports and information of the faculty of the said school in the fastest possible way. C. Theoretical Framework Implementation of computerized enrollment system will speed up the enrollment process. To provide quick access from needed data, and to process efficiently once located, databases have been derived for computer use. Database is a collection of data or information in a form that may be accessed by a computer in several ways. It may be loaded into a mainframe computer for network access within an individual or an organization, such as system in admission, enrollment, grading and cashier. Designing a database considers several important phase to pass through data definition, data refinement, and establishing relationship. The first phase is identifying the important attributes. It also involves detailed examination in order to determine exactly what kind of information will be stored in the database. Next is to refine the initial list to form an accurate description that will be needed in the database. The last phase is to draw a relationship between the fields that can help to determine which fields are important from the not so important. Manipulating a database includes such function as querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the mini world, and generating reports from the data. As stated by Philipp J. Pratt in his book â€Å"Database Management & Design,† A user at a terminal interacts with the environment through the use of logical transactions. A logical transaction, or simply, a transaction, is a user request to accomplish a single task. The application program processes the transaction by interacting with the DBMS on a logical record basis. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY To come up with a better understanding and perception about the problems regarding the creation of the system, the proponent underwent some methods to gather important facts and details about the proposed enrollment system. First, the proponents conducted extensive interviews on the personnel-in-charge with the manual enrollment system. Thus, the proponents found out some problems encountered by the manual system. In addition, they also obtained some suggestions and supplement which may help them in processing enrollment and upgrading the system. The proponents also requested sample of enrollment form. A copy of the manual system that was once used by the administrator was also inquired into in order for them to better understand the processes involved in creating for an automated enrollment system. Lastly, as additional foundation to knowledge and resources, the proponents made some researches in the Internet and interviewed the registrar and students to gain some guidelines in creating the proposed system. The proponents researched about some helpful topics and codes which may help them in designing the system as well. Some related literatures regarding the study were also looked into and adopted some of these in creating the new system. A. Current System The existing processes are shown on figure A. 1. It illustrated the transactions being made by the student during the enrollment. It may note in existing enrollment system that the student must follow several steps to get enrolled. A student must determine the student type whether he/she is an old or new, then proceed filling up registration form. After filling up he/she selects subjects and schedule to enroll. After which, the enrollee go to faculty-in-charge for course check and assessment then proceeds to cashier. Permit Complete Permit Passed all Requirements Student InformationSubject Selected Pay Fees Fig. A. 1 Current System B. Context Data Flow Diagram The objective is to create a data flow model of the proposed system. The context diagram illustrates that it consists of several steps which provide the inputs into a system and receive outputs from the system. After the student must undergo with Admission System the enrollee must proceeds to enrollment process, first must passed all requirements like CET and interview. Then fill up pre enrollment form after that select subject, secondly go to personnel in charge for course check then the personnel-in-charge will encode to computer for assessment and verification. After getting the form proceeds to cashiering system. B. 1 Context Data Flow Diagram Bibliography Books Pratt, Philipp J. , A Guide to SQL (fifth edition). Ground Valley State University Unpublished Thesis Julio M. Cervantes, Implementation of a Computerized Enrollment System, Unpublished Masteral Thesis. Hannam University, Daejon, South Korea,February 2005 Vincent John P. Fernandez, et al, Pangasinan State University OUS Registration & Assessment System. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. PSU-CAST, Lingayen, Pangasinan,March 2006 Jennilyn C. de Luna et al, San Fabian National High School Information System. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. PSU-CAST, Lingayen, Pangasinan,March 2006 Deo Canave et. l, The Polong National High School and Faculty Information System. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. PSU-CAST, Lingayen, Pangasinan. March 2005 ———————– Cleared Permit Student New Student Fill up Registration Form Checked Registration Form Course Check Subject Select Assessment Cashier Student Applicant EnrollmentAutomate Old Student New Student CET passers slip Passed Interview bsb Fill up Pre-enrollment form Clearance Permit Fill up Pre-enrollment form Files Assessment Select subject by Department Select subject by Department Course Check Course Check

Outlier

1. The large difference between how I have thought and understood success compared to the way Malcolm Gladwell argues is the circumstances and families that create success. Previous to reading this book, I strongly believed that the way to become successful was to put in hard work. For example, my theory to success was similar along the lines to what Malcolm Gladwell discusses earlier in the book. He says, â€Å"Practice isn’t the thing you do once you’re good. It’s the thing you do that makes you good†(Gladwell, 2008). I believed if you practiced what you want to be successful at everyday, you would eventually end up reaching your goal.However, after reading Malcolm Gladwell’s opinion my beliefs are now different. One of the more important examples Malcolm Gladwell mentions that showed how different I thought was the success story of Bill Gates. I personally believed that Bill Gates was successful only because he was an intelligent man who was driv en by hard work and his goal to create the personal computer. Previous to this novel my only education on Bill Gates was from reading short articles about him and from what I have heard from friends and teachers. What I did not know about Bill Gates was his given circumstance and the support from his family and others.Malcolm Gladwell mentions that there important opportunities that were â€Å"incredible lucky series of events†(Gladwell, 2008), that created his success. Some of the opportunities Bill Gates was given were his â€Å"free computer time at the University of Washington†(Gladwell, 2008) and also previous to that his mother along with others â€Å"had enough money to pay for his high school Lakesides computer fees†(Gladwell, 2008). Without the circumstance of Bill Gates receiving free computer time, chances are he wouldn’t have been nearly as intelligent and innovative with computers as he is today.To reiterate Malcolm Gladwell’s argument about super achievers are successful because of their families, in Bill Gates circumstance it is true. He wouldn’t have had the opportunity to practice with computers at a young age if his mother couldn’t afford to pay for the schools computer fees. Based on Bill Gates example Malcolm Gladwell writes about, it creates a credible argument to how he believes how to become successful. I did not even consider before reading this novel that family and the fortunate circumstances you are given are a substantial part to ones success.However, now it is crucial that it is not overlooked. 2. In my opinion, the â€Å"cultural language† in the United States varies across the country depending on where you are from. I believe that in some regions of the United States the cultural language is similar to the language represented by the co-pilot Koltz in â€Å"The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes†(Gladwell, 2008). However, I also believe in other vicinities in the United States the cultural language is outgoing and in the situation presented in the plane crash chapter, the cultural language would have been much more extrovert.The cultural language across the United States has emerged and evolved based on where you and your parents are from and how you were raised. Moments before the plane â€Å"Avianca 052†(Gladwell, 2008) crashed after running out of fuel, Co-Pilot Mauricio Klotz attempted to warn Kennedy Airport that their airplane did not have the sufficient amount of fuel to land. However, because Klotz was using â€Å"his own cultural language†, the controllers were not able to comprehend the trouble Avianca 052 was really in. I believe Klotz’s mitigated speech during this problem is similar to some cultural languages in the United States.For example, Malcolm Gladwell discusses Robert Sternberg’s theory of â€Å"practical intelligence†(Gladwell, 2008). To Sternberg, practical intelligence is â€Å"knowledge t hat helps out read situations correctly and get what you want†(Gladwell, 2008). It is clear that Klotz’s cultural language lacked practical intelligence. However, I believe numerous cultures in the United States also lack the same intelligence. Malcolm Gladwell recalls a study where â€Å"Annette Lareau conducted a fascinating study of a group of third graders†(Gladwell, 2008). Results of the study showed that lower-class children are â€Å"quiet and submissive†(Gladwell, 2008).Therefore, children and adults who are from lower-class families very well could have responded the same way Klotz did during a time of emergency. The cultural language of the United States can also be outgoing and far from â€Å"quiet and submissive†. Malcolm Gladwell discusses the South and the personalities people possess there. From results of an experiment, it had shown that Southerners were more willing to stand up for themselves. The experiment consisted of calling the m an â€Å"asshole† to see if it â€Å"caused their levels of testosterone and cortisol-the hormones that drive arousal and aggression-to go up† (Gladwell, 2008).The results were the Southerners â€Å"were angry, their cortisol and testosterone jumped. Their handshakes got firm†. It is easy to predict how a Southerner would have reacted to a plane moment’s way from crashing if they react strongly to simply being called a derogatory name. My guess is that if a Southerner was a co-pilot, the controllers at Kennedy Airport would have understood the trouble the airplane was in. I believe our vast cultural language derived from what Malcolm Gladwell would call â€Å"the culture of honor†(Gladwell, 2008).The â€Å"culture of honor† describes people behave the way they do because of where â€Å"you grew up or where your parents grew up†¦where your great-grandparents and your great-great-grandparents grew up and even where your great-great-gre at-grandparents grew up†(Gladwell, 2008). This explains our difference in the United States culture because the majority of the people living in the United States families were once immigrants. People come from all over the world to live in the U. S. and that is why are culture is different from any others.I believe our vast cultural language works in favor with our social structure because it matches with the supply and demand of our economy. For example, there are plenty of jobs in the United States where people who respect their superiors and are afraid to speak up can work. Also, there are opportunities to open up your own business if you contain traits similar to Malcolm Gladwell’s example of a Southerner and do not mesh well with being told what to do. 3. When Gladwell says that biologists talk about the ‘ecology’ of an organism he is referring to why certain organisms are more successful than others.Malcolm Gladwell is inferring that the â€Å"talle st oak in the forest is the tallest not just because it grew from the hardiest acorn†(Gladwell, 2008). It is the tallest oak in the forest because of many more reasons. Reasons that include luck and some things that cannot be controlled. For example, when discussing about oak trees, Gladwell mentions that one oak tree is the tallest because â€Å"no other tree blocked its sunlight†¦no rabbit chewed through its bark†¦ and no lumberjack cut it down before it matured†(Gladwell, 2008).Gladwell’s point of the ecology of this certain tree is that is it the most successful because of certain circumstances it was placed in. The â€Å"Matthew Effect† or also known as â€Å"accumulative advantage† is when â€Å"those who are successful are most likely to be given the kinds of special opportunities that lead to further success†(Gladwell, 2008). Malcolm Gladwell’s example of accumulative advantage is hockey players and how at a young age they achieve success. Gladwell discusses that â€Å"the professional hockey player starts out a little bit better than his peers.And that little difference leads to an opportunity that makes that difference a bit bigger†(Gladwell, 2008). An important implication of the hockey example is that the similarities in the age of the hockey players who have had success. The majority of the hockey players in Canada are born in â€Å"January, February, and March†(Gladwell, 2008). Because of the fact that these professional hockey players were born in the beginning of the year they had an advantage over those who were born later in the year.The reason why they have an advantage is because when they were young they were bigger and more matured than those who were born later in the year. Since that these hockey players were bigger than the other kids they were given the opportunity to play hockey at more of an elite level. This is a prime example of â€Å"The Matthew Effect† and it explains that ones who are successful are given more opportunities to be more successful. However, accumulative advantage and ecology both are very similar.For example, along with the accumulative advantage in the hockey player instance there is also ecology to it. As mentioned earlier, the ecology of an organism is lucky or uncontrollable circumstances that occur. For the most part, the date of birth of a person is often uncontrollable and is not often planned. Accumulative advantage and ecology as seen in this example, are often correlated with one another. In both the Matthew Effect and the ecology and an organism, people are given a better opportunity. References Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers. New York: Little,Brown and Company.