Pre Post Marketing Analysis - 995 Words

Pre Post-Marketing Pharmacovigilance Reporting in the US: A Comparison of Adverse Event Reporting in Pre- and Post-Marketing Clinical Studies and Post-Marketing Spontaneous Reports When a drug is finally brought to the market, it usually has gone through three clinical trial phases in humans, including Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical studies. Some drugs may be required to conduct a Phase 4 or post-marketing study after its approval in order to gather additional information about a product’s safety, efficacy or optimal use. Adverse events can occur in any of the clinical study phases (pre- or post-marketing), or when it has been marketed to the public after the drug’s approval. A pharmaceutical company (sponsor) or its delegated Contract†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Quality Control: An alternate Drug Safety colleague performs quality control (QC) to verify the report for accuracy, clarity, consistency, and completeness of data entered in the safety database by comparing the source documents against the data entered into the safety database. †¢ Medical Review A Medical Reviewer (physician) assess cases for medical aspects, which includes verifying adverse event coding, causality assessment, confirming event seriousness and expectedness, reviewing narratives, providing comments and requests for follow-up with the reporter. †¢ Follow-up or Queries Queries are sent to the reporters for details of the adverse event and additional follow-up information which may add to the completed and clinical significance of the report. ïÆ'Ëœ Different Requirements for Adverse Event Reporting in Pre- and Post-Marketing Clinical Studies, and Post-Marketing Spontaneous cases: Although many steps of collecting adverse events reported in clinical studies and in the post-marketing setting are the same, there are some different requirements, which are summarized in the table below. Phase 1-3 Clinical Trials Post-Marketing Clinical Trials or Phase 4 Clinical Trials Post-Marketing Spontaneous Event Reporting (outside of a clinical trial) Database used to Enter Event Information †¢ Clinical Database †¢ Safety Database †¢ Clinical Database †¢ Safety Database †¢ Safety Database Only (collectedShow MoreRelatedDifferent Yardsticks1146 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent yardsticks for evaluating trial experience and post-purchase consumption experience? – A review of online chatter Purpose: This exploratory study is an attempt to understand whether consumers use different yardsticks to evaluate product trial experience and post-purchase consumption experience. Design/methodology/approach (mandatory): The researchers make use case methodology in the motion picture industry. The pre-release and post-release reception of two Indian feature films, Queen andRead MoreBroomstick1120 Words   |  5 Pageshighlights of interviews with at least five KOLs (key opinion leaders) or resource persons. III. Situation Analysis Industry Analysis Describes the needs of the business and the customers, major trends affecting the industry, significant and important companies, industry size (growing, declining, etc), and other relevant industry facts and insights SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis of the business environment can be performed by organizing the environmental factors as follows: The firm sRead MoreCase Study Report on Achieve Logic737 Words   |  3 Pagesby calculating the pre- and post money valuation, then the cash flow projections, and we finished by calculating, the expected return on equity and the final equity value. To facilitate the calculation of this value, our team made some assumptions that we will explain and justify all along that report. ANALYSIS A. 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The only issue with behavioural targeting is that it is solely a corollary for internal needs alone as it is not an important prediction of future behaviourRead MoreThe Impact Of Experiential Marketing On Attracting Consumers Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of experiential marketing in attracting consumers The Modern development of marketing theory is characterised as one of the main elements of the marketing mix. Many companies all around the world are trying to adapt to an advertising brand strategy that reacts that is based on human nature, namely, basic psychological needs, desires and, in particular, human behaviour. Not so long ago a new direction in the science of marketing appeared. Experiential marketing focuses on stimulating consumers’Read MoreProduct Recommendations For A Clinical Trials1587 Words   |  7 Pagesresidents are diaper users. ââ€"  Recommended UriCap prices result in a total cost of care that is essentially equal to that of catheters being used in nursing homes. ââ€"  Added benefit of increased patient comfort, which was not used in the economic values analysis but which customers stated they were willing to pay for, must be marketed before the product is taken to other service sites (hospitals). ââ€"  Recommended pricing for the UriCap-F, $121.60/mo, allows for a 100% markup both to distributors and fromRead MoreThe Case Of Lego : Change Of Strategy1171 Words   |  5 Pagesproducts that had given the company success, were forgotten. For that reason, the new strategy was based to revive those ‘core products’ and bring with them back the values that their founders set at the beginning (Breen 2013). (See Appendix 2) 2.2 MARKETING MIX -PRODUCT Lego has many diversified products, but the base of all of them are the plastic Bricks, which actually makes the company successful as the result of the possibility of rebuilt the structures many times. In addition, every brick hasRead MoreStrategic Elements of Product Development1620 Words   |  7 Pagesspinouts of the current business operation, latest products suggestions, modification in marketing plan, alteration of resource and the demand in the marketplace (Crawford Di Benedetto, 2011). In order to yield these opportunities, three main streams of activity are functioned as guidance to the company. The three main streams are ongoing marketing planning, ongoing corporate planning and special opportunity analysis. From these three activities, opportunities such as an underutilised resource, new resource

Opening Of An Online Indian Clothing Store Essay - 2975 Words

OPENING OF AN ONLINE INDIAN CLOTHING STORE ASSESSMENT 2 RESEARCH REPORT MAPM8.600 SPECIAL TOPIC KAY FIELDEN SUBMITTED BY- ARVINDER SINGH 2015001782 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 3 – 4 METHODOLOGY USED 4 – 21 LITERATURE REVIEW 21 – 23 CONCLUSION 23 – 24 REFERENCES 24 - 25 ABSTRACT PURPOSE The main purpose of Opening of an Online Indian Clothing store is that many Indian people are residing here temporary or permanently here in Auckland. So the business person can help the Indian people by providing them with the authentic clothes in the Indian style. The clothing covers all designs of clothes for all gender and age of people (above 10 years of age). The clothing style includes traditional clothing, formal, casual, and many more designs. METHODOLOGY Comprehend the general circumstance of important commercial ventures and get deals and showcasing measurements through talking specialists, makers and channels of this industry profoundly. Relevant financial measurements. Public data about the industry.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For Marks Spencer Clothing1546 Words   |  7 PagesChief Executive of Marks and Spencer From: Muhammad Azeem Khan , Student ID 2280119 Title: Marketing plan for Marks Spencer clothing Introduction: Marks Spencer was constituted in 1884, as vendor stall in the streets of Leeds. It is a public limited company, which listed on the London stock exchange. It is a major British Multinational retailer. It produces clothing, home products and food items. The market share of Marks Spencer is 10.4% in 2015 and over the years it has decreased becauseRead MoreBharti Walmart 5 Forces1281 Words   |  6 PagesQ1. Analyze the retail scenario in India in terms of Porter’s Five Forces and investigate the growth across different segments of retailing. Ans: Indian Retail Scenario in terms of Porter Five Forces Porter in 1974 has given â€Å"Five Forces† model to assess the industry environment. 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The current situation puts Sainsburys in the UKs third-largest supermarket chain, with a market share of around 16% .with 823 stores, unveiled profits of  £488m, up 28% on last years levels, with 15 consecutive quarters of sales growth, Given the current environment shows how the strength and broad appeal of the Sainsburys brand has improved substantially during the pastRead MoreZara Casestudy983 Words   |  4 PagesBIT HuangFei (Tracy) Zara: a Spanish retailer goes to the top of world fashion Answer1: The international expansion of Zara started with the opening of a store in Portugal in 1988. Through establishment in Portugal Zara acquired international market experience and knowledge and realized that it would have to adjust its business model to suit the new international markets. 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ByArushi Jaiswal 10050221022 Contents Indian Retail Sector Pune Retail Scenario Forever New Introduction Forever New in India STP Marketing Mix Forever New Pune Brand Portfolio Competitive Analysis SWOT Analysis Data Analysis and Interpretation Recommendations and Conclusion Growth Opportunities References and Bibliography Indian Retail Sector India is one of theRead MoreForever New Case Study4751 Words   |  20 Pagesprofile, positioning, assortment strategy, store layout, marketing strategy vis a vis closest competitors. Brand Chosen: Forever New. ByArushi Jaiswal 10050221022 Contents Indian Retail Sector Pune Retail Scenario Forever New Introduction Forever New in India STP Marketing Mix Forever New Pune Brand Portfolio Competitive Analysis SWOT Analysis Data Analysis and Interpretation Recommendations and Conclusion Growth Opportunities References and Bibliography Indian Retail Sector India is one of the mostRead MoreSituation Analysis of International Marketing Environment (Marks and Spencer in Spain)3529 Words   |  15 PagesFindings MS is an international company, which spreads through Europe, North America and Asia, it sales clothing, footwear, gifts, house appliances, and food. At Present Marks and Spencer has over 450 stores located throughout the UK, this includes the largest store at Marble Arch, London. (corporate.marksandspencer.com/?intid=gft_company, 2010) In addition, the Company has 150 stores worldwide, including over 130 franchise businesses, operating in 30 countries. (Ibid) On the background of

Zappos.Com †Developing a Supply Chain to Deliver Wow! Essay Sample free essay sample

Zappos. com provides extended online merchandises. delicate call-center service. free and rapid bringing. and at the same clip. it keeps optimising its operational theoretical account. However. with the drawn-out recession. the company’s borders are diminishing. and it now has to seek a solution to maximise its net income. External Analysis ( Please see Appendix 1. SWOT Table. pg5 ) Both U. S. and international markets remained unsaturated. in malice of Zappos’ rapid enlargement. It is still really assuring for on-line retailors to spread out its client base. Besides. the facts of customers’ progressively desire to entree a immense choice of merchandise offerings and customers’ turning amenitiess with on-line shopping make the Internet go a critical distribution channel. Consequently. more and more high-end trade names are eager to spouse with on-line retailors such as Zappos. But. with the prostration of the fiscal markets and economic lag. clients are more cost-conscious and have higher outlooks for the services—they are much more hard to be delighted. Meanwhile. in such a bad economic clip. labour-intensive activities might finally go unaffordable. As to the international market. concern enlargement faces a batch of challenges. such as high cost of operation and civilization struggles. Internal Analysis ( Please see Appendix 1. SWOT Table. pg5 ) Zappos’ merriment and customer-oriented civilization. together with its passionate employees and extended merchandise offerings online. brings the company a happy and loyal client base. even in Canada. Besides. as the company’s employees are consistently trained. their outstanding services could ever do the clients amazed. hence. the company has successfully built its trade name equity through positive word of oral cavity and its clients keep coming back ( 75 % repetition clients in 2008 ) . Furthermore. Zappos closely tracks client behaviour informations to derive client penetrations. therefore. it quickly grows to the world’s largest online places retail merchant. One of the challenges confronting Zappos is missing of capital. Limited budgets make its labour-intensive activities and high-standard bringing become more and more unaffordable. The growing rate is besides bit by bit decelerating. Besides. harmonizing to the Income Statement. Zappos has the lowest operating income per centum ( 3. 4 % ) . compared with other on-line rivals. This indicates that company’s operational theoretical account remains inefficient. including both inbound and outbound cargo cargos. for illustration. cargos from single providers ensuing in larger-than-necessary figure of trucks. every bit good as the economic inefficiency of transporting partly full trucks. In add-on. its client base is merely 3 % of the US population. Options 1. Expand Zappos’ concern in foreign states such as Canada to turn gross revenues. * Advantages:* Already has a passionate client base in Canada. which is possible for Zappos to retroflex its service theoretical account and addition more gross revenues. * Business enlargement could assist work out the extra stock list. as the figure of clients is turning. * Disadvantages: * It would necessitate clip and budget negotiating Canadian distribution understandings with many trade names in order to accomplish significant volume. * Customer service would go more complicated. Fail to pull off different cultural issues would thin Zappos’ trade name equity. 2. Cut service cost such as stop following twenty-four hours air cargo to maximise net income. * Advantages: * Savingss could be tremendous. if the company decided to endorse off from the guaranteed next-day bringing for all orders. Equally long as it remains free return service. the company would non lose its cost-conscious. * Zappos’ labour-intensive services are more and more unaffordable. due to its capital insufficient. Cut the service work force could salvage a batch. * Disadvantages: * Inconsistent services might ensue in negative word of oral cavity and diluted trade name image. * Would be far less competitory than the brick-and-mortar shop. as Zappos fails to convey clients the instant satisfaction. 3. Better the inefficient supply concatenation to salvage cost. andregistering for IPO every bit good. * Advantages: * Streamlined supply concatenation could assist cut down unneeded costs. * IPO could be an effectual manner to bring forth the capital to fund the company’s hereafter development. clairvoyance. keep high quality of service. * Disadvantages: * Streamlined supply concatenation require a batch of clip and attempts negociating with channel members. * The cost of following with regulative demands can be really high for little companies to register an IPO. Recommendation I think Zappos should better its supply concatenation to salvage unneeded costs and so file for IPO to bring forth the capital needed to spread out. The first option is appealing. but it requires even more workforce and budget to research the foreign country’s market and construct its ain distribution centre and name centre to supply great service. Given a immense untapped client base in domestic market. it is unnecessarily for Zappos to spread out its current concern into international market. The 2nd option could salvage important sum of money. but it might ache the company’s trade name equity. As clients are besides become more and more demanding. discounted service would likely do Zappos lose its nucleus competences. and finally its clients. The 3rd pick is applicable. I think. for it could broaden the beginnings of income and conserve on outgos. assisting Zappos remain competitory while maximise its net income. To streamline its supply concatenation. Zappos could c ollaborate with channel spouses to construct a quickly updated online system. through which all of its supply web members. could portion the order and stock list information. Since Zappos is the largest on-line retail merchant and more high-end trade names are eager to spouse with the company. it could bear down for members fall ining. and constructing the online system together. Through the system. even the makers in China could transport the merchandises to Zappos distribution centre or straight to the client who placed the order. As for traveling public. the fiscal benefit in the signifier of raising capital is the most distinguishable advantage. since Zappos has ever been intensely witting of financess. Another advantage is an increased public consciousness. because IPOs frequently generate promotion by doing their merchandises known to a new group of possible clients. Of class. file for IPO is non without hazard. The direction squad should be cognizant of profit-oriented venture capitalists. and it should non make any questionable patterns to hike net incomes. In malice of high cost of registering IPO. it is still an effectual manner for little compa nies’ farther growing. Decision Zappos’ success origins from its proficiency in experiential selling: employees’ enthusiasms and customers’ strong emotional connexions. The company should neer salvage its cost at the disbursal of service. In such a cost-conscious environment. the company must seek for efficient supply concatenation to lower cost and insist on happening new ways to function more demanding clients. and finally take to the maximized net incomes. Appendix 1. SWOT Table Strengths * Strong civilization and values * Engaged and passionate employees * Exceptional service and extended merchandise offerings * A happy and loyal client base * High keeping rate * The largest online places retailer * Rapid growing * Understand client behaviour * Having 1000s of purchasers measuring the inventory| Weaknesses * Lack of capital * Low runing income per centum * Inefficient inbound and outbound cargo * Labor-intensive * High cost of bringing * Gradually slow growing rate * Relatively little client base | Opportunities * Unsaturation in both domestic and international markets for the on-line retail merchants * Customers eager to entree a immense choice of manners. colourss and sizes * Consumers become comfy purchasing online * Internet could make big subdivisions of the population and supply elaborate information immensely * High-end trade names are eager to spouse with on-line retail merchants in perpendicular sites| Threats * Collapse of the fiscal markets and e conomic lag * Customers are more cost-conscious * Customers’ progressively high outlooks to serve * Labors become more unaffordable * High cost of spread outing concern out of the US market * Culture conflicts occur during enlargement in foreign markets * Brick-and-mortar store’s blink of an eye satisfaction

Healthcare theory of Kohlberg-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Evaluate the Influence of Kohlbeg's Theory of Moral Development. Answer: The essay aims to evaluate the influence of Kohlbergs theory of moral development in healthcare practice. Relationship between an occupation and relevant ethical reasoning has been a subject of extensive study in recent times, a more so in the field of healthcare as nurses and doctors frequently face moral and ethical problems in their profession. Following the framework of Piagets model of cognitive thinking Kohlberg devised a theory of moral development having three high-order levels, each subdivided into two stages. The three high-order stages comprised of Pre-conventional level, Conventional level and Post-conventional level or principled level, each represents fundamental shift in an individual perception of morality (Gibbs, 2013). His theory concluded that a persons modal development largely interacted with social situations and conventions. A person tends to change their perception of morality when faced with challenging situation or situations that strongly oppose their already existing moral beliefs. He postulated that movement through the levels of moral reasoning were universal and strictly sequential. The pre-conventional stage reflects an egocentric perspective. In the next level the moral perspective shift from self to ideas accepted by a group or community and lastly the post conventional level includes thinking beyond both self and society. The healthcare professionals mostly operate in levels IV and V which are social order-maintaining stage and social-contract orientation respectively (Prescott, Becket Wilson, 2014). In health care studies have found moral differences based on gender as well as type of profession. Such as doctors are found to be more inclined towards justice perspective while nurses towards care perspective. These differences are often attributed to factors such as gender and established standards. It is evident that healthcare professionals belong to particular stages of Kohlbergs theory of moral development. Any deviation from the accepted standards may reflect lack of effective care which is highly undesirable, particularly in this field of profession. References Gibbs, J. C. (2013).Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. Oxford University Press. Prescott, J., Becket, G., Wilson, S. E. (2014). Moral development of first-year pharmacy students in the United Kingdom.American journal of pharmaceutical education,78(2), 36.

Bzyt Archtecture Essay Research Paper The greatest free essay sample

Bzyt Archtecture Essay, Research Paper The greatest of mediaeval civilisations was the Eastern Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was divided in 395. The Western half, ruled from Rome, was ruled by the savages in the fifth century. The Eastern half, known as the Byzantine Empire, lasted for more than over 1,000 old ages. The Byzantine Empire was one of the taking civilisations in the universe. Byzantine Architecture Is a assorted manner composed of Graeco-Roman and Oriental elements which, The signifier of the church used most in the West, a the long rectangular portion of the cathedral with the alter in it is supported on columns and an atrium appears in many illustrations of the 5th century in Byzantine. In the West this manner of constructing on occasion nowadayss similarities which are thought by some governments to be of Oriental origin # 8212 ; galleries over the side aisles, spirally channelled columns, and customss between capitals and arches. We will write a custom essay sample on Bzyt Archtecture Essay Research Paper The greatest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vaulted basilicas were made at a early day of the month in Constantinople. The domical manner, with barrel-vaulted side aisles and transepts is a favorite with the Byzantines. Many of the oldest basilicas in Asia Minor, every bit good as the Church of St. Irene, Constantinople, carried one or more domes. This type leads to the construction in a centralised handbill, octangular, or cross molded program. In ancient Roman times tombs and baths had this kind of program. These types of edifices can non be seen as merely Byzantium, because the Romans and Oriental besides used these sorts of programs. Even in Italy, the churches there were strongly influenced bu the many influences from the West and peculiarly from the Byzantine. In the church of St. Sophia, built by Justinian, all the chief signifiers of the early Christian churches are represented. A rotunda is enclosed in a square, and covered with a dome which is supported in the way of the long axis of the edifice by half-domes over semicircular rounded terminals of the edifice. In this mode a basilica, 236 pess long and 98 pess broad, and provided with domes, is developed out of a cardinal chamber. Then the domical church is developed to the signifier of a long rectangle by two side aisles, which are denied of their significance by the monolithic wharfs. In forepart of all this, on the entryway side, are placed a broad atrium with transitions and two anterooms. The colossal chief dome, which is hemispherical on the inside, flatter, or saucer-shaped, on the outside, and pierced with 40 big Windowss. The ancient system of columns has merely a lease giver significance, back uping the galleries which open upon the long rectangular portion of the chuch that has the alter in it. Light flows in through the legion Windowss of the upper and lower narratives and of the domes. The dome, with its great span carried on wharfs, arches, and pendentives, constitutes one of the greatest accomplishments of architecture. ( The pendentives are the triangular surface of which a round dome can be supported on the crests of four arches arranged on a square program. ) . The designers of St. Sophia were Asians: Anthemius of Tralles and Isodorus of Miletus. In other great basilicas, local influences had great power in finding the character of the architecture, e. g. the churches of the Nativity, of the Holy Sepulchre, and of the Ascension, built in Palestine after the clip of Constantine. This is still more obvious in the dearly-won ornaments of these churches. Their love of luster is shown in the stacking up of domes and still more in confronting the walls with slabs of marble, in mosaics, in gold and coloring material ornaments, and in the many-coloured marbles of the columns and other architectural inside informations. Nothing seems to uncover the character of Byzantine architecture so much as the absence of work in the higher signifiers of sculpture, and the alteration of high into low ornament by agencies of interlacing traceries, in which the qi selled decorations became flatter, more additive, and lacelike. Besides the anterooms which originally surrounded St. Sophia, the columns with their capitals recall the old-timer. These columns about constantly supported arches alternatively of the architrave and were, for that ground, reinforced by a block of rock placed on top and shaped to conform to the arch. Gradually, nevertheless, the capital itself was cut to the broader signifier of a abbreviated square pyramid, as in St. Sophia. The capitals are at times rather bare, when they serve at the same clip as customss or intermediate supporting blocks, at other times they are marked with monograms or covered with a web of carving, the latter transforming them into basketlike capitals. Flat ornamentations of flowers and animate beings are besides found. The fortress like character of the church edifices, the crisp look of the constructive signifiers, the chunky visual aspect of the domes, the basic grouping of many parts, these are all more in conformity with the coarser work of the ulterior period of the Byzantine. Two other types of Justinian’s clip are presented by the renovated church of the Apostles and the church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus. Both churches are in the capital. It is a dome-crowned octagon with an exterior aisle. The former church was built on the program of a Grecian Cross with four equal weaponries with a dome over the crossing and one over each arm. During the period of the Macedonian emperors, Basil I and Leo VI, an upward tendency in political relations, literature, and art set in. The Grecian basilica, which is a elongated construction, barrel-vaulted and provided with one or more domes, is besides widely represented in this period, while the western signifier of basilica, with the wooden ceiling wasn # 8217 ; Ts used any longer. A type looking more often is the domical church program or the Greek-cross program. The Koimesis, or Dormitio, in Nicaea has a clear basilica program. The same with the church of the Holy Mother of God at Constantinople, dating from the 10th century, and of the churches of Mt. Athos. The church at Skripu in Boeotia, of the same period, has three naves each stoping in an apsis, but the dome crowns the center of the edifice as in the Greek- cross type. The outsides of these churches, which are normally instead little, are treated with greater attention and are artistically decorated with alternations of rock and brick, smaller domes over the anterooms, a richer system of domes, and the lift of these domes by agencies of membranophones. The insides are decorated really nicely. It seems that they could non make plenty in this regard. This can still be seen in the church of St. Luke in Phocis, at Daphni, in the Nea Moni at Chio, and others. In this period the perfected art of the capital becomes the theoretical account for the imperium every bit good as for parts beyond its boundary lines: Syria, Armenia, Russia, Venice, Middle and Southern Italy, and Sicily. For the West, it is merely necessary to advert the church of St. Mark at Venice. After its business by the Reformers in 1204, Constantinople partially lost its character and at the same clip the far-reaching influence of its communicating with Western states. There still remained four Centres of Byzantine art: the capital itself, Mt. Athos, Hellas, and Trebizond. The architecture of Mt. Athos presents the most faithful contemplation of the Byzantine manner. The theoretical account of the church of the monastery of Laura, belonging to the old period, is more or less dependably reproduced. A dome, supported on four sides by barrel vaults, stands straight over the center of the transept, which is terminated at either terminal by a unit of ammunition apsis. The existent architectural decorations are forced into the background by the dearly-won mosaics and which practically cover all available wall surface. The architecture of this period remained still. Bibliography the short history of the Byzantium Empire 1986 measure blackman

Definition of Suffrage, as in Womens Suffrage

Definition of Suffrage, as in Women's Suffrage Definition of suffrage Suffrage is used today to mean the right to vote in elections, sometimes also including the right to run for and hold elected public office.   It is commonly used in phrases like woman suffrage or womens suffrage or universal suffrage. Derivation and History The word suffrage comes from the Latin suffragium meaning to support. It already had the connotation of voting in classical Latin, and may have been used as well for a special tablet on which one recorded a vote. It likely came into English through French. In Middle English, the word took on ecclesiastical meanings, as well, of intercessory prayers. In the 14th and 15th centuries in English, it was also used to mean support. By the 16th and 17th centuries, suffrage was in common use in English to mean a vote in favor of a proposal (as in a representative body like Parliament) or of a person in an election. The meaning then broadened to apply to a vote for or against candidates and proposals. Then the meaning broadened to mean the ability to vote by individuals or groups. In Blackstones commentary on English laws (1765), he includes a reference:  In all democracies .. it is of the utmost importance to regulate by whom, and in what manner, the suffrages are to be given. The Enlightenment, with emphasis on equality of all persons and consent of the governed, paved the way for the idea that the suffrage, or ability to vote, should be extended beyond a small elite group. Wider, or even universal suffrage, became a popular demand. No taxation without representation called for those who were taxed to also be able to vote for their representatives in government. Universal male suffrage was a call in political circles in Europe and America by the first half of the 19th century, and then some (see Seneca Falls Womans Rights Convention) began to extend that demand to women as well as woman suffrage became a key social reform issue through 1920. Active suffrage  refers to the right to vote.   The phrase passive suffrage is used to refer to the right to run for and hold public office.   Women were, in a few cases, elected to public office (or appointed) before they won the right to active suffrage. Suffragist was used to denote someone working to extend suffrage to new groups.   Suffragette was sometimes used for women working for woman suffrage. Pronunciation: SUF-rij (short u) Also Known As: vote, franchise Alternate Spellings: souffrage, sofrage in Middle English; sufferage, suffrage Examples: Should the females of New York be placed on a level of equality with males before the law? If so, let us petition for this impartial justice for women. In order to insure this equal justice should the females of New York, like the males, have a voice in appointing the law makers and the law administrators? If so, let us petition for Womans Right to Suffrage. - Frederick Douglass, 1853 Similar Terms The word franchise or the phrase political franchise is also often used for the right to vote and the right to run for office. Denied Suffrage Rights Citizenship and residency are usually considered in deciding who has the right to vote in a country or state.   Ã‚  Age qualifications are justified by the argument that minors may not sign contracts. In the past, those without property were often ineligible to vote. Since married women could not sign contracts or dispose of their own property, it was considered appropriate to deny women the vote.   Some countries and U.S. states exclude from suffrage those who have been convicted of a felony, with various conditions. Sometimes the right is restored upon completion of prison terms or parole conditions, and sometimes restoration depends on the crime not being a violent crime. Race has been directly or indirectly a grounds for exclusion from voting rights. (Though women got the vote in the United States in 1920, many African-American women were still excluded from voting because of laws that discriminated racially.) Literacy tests and poll taxes have also been used to exclude from suffrage. Religion in both the United States and Great Britain sometimes was grounds for exclusion from voting. Catholics, sometimes Jews or Quakers, were excluded from suffrage. Quotes About Suffrage â€Å"[T]here never will be complete equality until women themselves help to make laws and elect lawmakers.† - Susan B. Anthony â€Å"Why is a woman to be treated differently? Woman suffrage will succeed, despite this miserable guerilla opposition.† - Victoria Woodhull Be militant in your own way! Those of you who can break windows, break them. Those of you who can still further attack the secret idol of property...do so. And my last word is to the Government: I incite this meeting to rebellion. Take me if you dare! - Emmeline Pankhurst

Discussion Board 2-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Board 2-1 - Essay Example Ethically, researches involving human beings as samples must obtain informed consent of the participants to be subject to tests and measures (Bordens & Abbott, 2014). Researchers must only proceed with studies after obtaining the consent. To deal with the dilemma relating to difficulty of obtaining informed consent, a researcher can contact and persuade close relatives such as parents or guardians of the subject to give and sign consent. Another ethical dilemma that researchers may face when working with clinical population is the aspect of deception. According to Bordens and Abbott (2014), deception refers to giving false information to the participants in a research. Deception may also entail withholding of critical information from the participants so that they may make competent decisions. Some clinical research may force researchers to withhold certain information to perform research in a manner that addresses predefined goals. To tackle the issues of deception, a researcher should eliminate questions or elements that are controversial and likely to necessitate withholding of information or lying to achieve the desired